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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Generally, how are pathways interconnected?
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Metabolites in one pathway can regulate other pathways.
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What are monosaccharides?
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Aldehydes or ketones with at least 2 hydroxyl groups (CH2O)n
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Who is the smallest aldose? (Draw it out)
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Glyceraldehyde. 3 carbons. 2 possible versions that are entantiomers (mirror images): D and L.
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What determines whether something is D or L?
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Look at the position of -OH off a chiral carbon FARTHEST from the carbonyl carbon.
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Who is the smallest ketose? (Draw it out)
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Dihydroxyacetone. No asymmetric carbons.
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Most common aldotrioses?
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glyceraldehyde
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Most common aldotetroses?
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None for this class!
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Most common aldopentoses?
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ribose
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Most common aldohexoses?
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glucose, mannose, galactose
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Most common keto-trioses?
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dihydroxyacetone
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Most common keto-tetroses?
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None for this class!
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Most common keto-pentoses?
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Ribulose (analogous to ribose--both 5 carbons).
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Most common keto-hexoses?
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Fructose (analogous to glucose).
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What's the relationship between glucose and mannose?
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Epimers (type of stereoisomers where they differ by only 1 stereogenic center).
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What are isomers? Give an example.
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Isomers have the same molecular formula, but different connections of atoms. Ex: glucose and fructose.
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What are stereoisomers? Give example.
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Same molecular formula and atomic connections, but different orientations in space. Ex: glucose, mannose, galactose.
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Alcohol + Aldehyde ----> ?
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Hemiacetal
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Alcohol + Ketone ----> ?
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Hemiketal
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What is the anomeric carbon?
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An anomeric carbon is bonded to the 2 oxygens in a ring structure molecule.
(configuration of C1, which is now a new chiral center, tells us whether it is alpha or beta) |
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What makes up LACTOSE?
What kind of glycosidic linkage? How many reducing ends? |
Comprised of Glucose + Galactose.
Beta-1,4 linkages One reducing end (has a free anomeric carbon to participate in more rxns --> therefore has reducing capability) |
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What is the Alpha configuation?
What is the Beta configuration? |
CLARIFY
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What makes up SUCROSE?
What kind of glycosidic linkage? How many reducing ends? |
Glucose + Fructose.
alpha 1 on glucose to beta 2 on fructose non-reducing sugar (no free anomeric carbons) |
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What makes up ALPHA-AMYLOSE?
What kind of glycosidic linkage? How many reducing ends? |
Glucose + Glucose
alpha 1-->4 linkages (linear polymer) insoluble in water, helical 1 reducing end |
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What makes up AMYLOPECTIN?
What kind of glycosidic linkage? How many reducing ends? |
Glucose + Glucose
alpha 1-->4 & alpha 1-->6 (point branch) attachments |
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What makes up GLYCOGEN?
What kind of glycosidic linkage? How many reducing ends? |
Glucose + Glucose
Storage in animals (in muscle and liver). alpha 1-->4 & alpha 1-->6 (point branch) attachments *Just like amylopectin except more branched & therefore, most compact. |
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What makes up CELLULOSE?
Linkage? Reducing sugar? |
Glucose polymer
Beta 1---> 4 bond Linear Structural polysac (cell wall in plants) Most abundant polysacc in nature 1 reducing end |
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What makes up CHITIN?
Linkage? Reducing sugar? |
N-acetylglucosamine polymer
Beta 1---> 4 bond Linear Structural polysac (exoskeletons); 2nd most abundant polysacc 1 reducing end |
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How many oxidation states for carbon?
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9
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How to determine oxidation number?
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-1 for bond to H
0 for bond to C +1 for bond to O, N, or S |
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Why is hydrolysis of ATP favored?
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1. Relieves - repulsion of phosphate group
2. Resonance stabilization of free phosphate electrons 3. Ionization and stabilization of ADP is energetically favorable. |
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1. Charge on ATP?
2. Charge on ADP? 3. Charge on Pi? |
1. -4
2. -3 3. -2 |
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What does "Steady State" mean?
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When reaction is proceeding in 1 direction, but the enzyme substrate intermediate stays constant.
Constant input of substrates and output of products. |
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What does "Equilibrium" mean?
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When rates of forward & reverse rxns equal ---> flux=0; delta G=0
[substrate] & [product] not changing |
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Balanced equation for cellular respiration?
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glucose + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6H2O
-irreversible pathway -initial committed step -can't go back by same pathway because catabolic and anabolic pathways differ. |
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NAD+
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Nicotimamide adenine dinucleotide.
Nicotinamide + Ribose + Adenine + 2 Riboses Electron carrier (2e-'s). Reactive site: Nicotinamide |
