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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the spiral/curved bacterial organisms that are associated with waterborne infectious disease?
|
Aeromonas
Vibrio Plesiomonas |
|
T or F:
Vibrio cholera is a waterborne disease. |
True
|
|
What are the three species of pathogenic interest in Campylobacter?
|
C. jejuni
C. coli C. fetus |
|
T or F:
Campylobacter spp. have a unipolar flagella. |
False! Bipolar flagella
|
|
What are the main virulence factors of Campylobacter spp.?
|
Flagella
Adhesins Invasins CDT (Cytolethal Distending Toxin) |
|
Which of the Campylobacter virulence factors works by messing with the host cell cycle?
|
CDT (cytolethal distending toxin)
|
|
What is the main form of Campylobacter treatment? Is there any resistance to this treatment?
|
Quinolones
(Cipro resistance) |
|
How is Guillian-Barre Syndrome linked with Campylobacter infection?
|
Campylobacter 0:19 has EXACT same LPS carbohydrate residue as nerve cells, causing autoimmune response
|
|
What extra virulence factor does Campylobacter fetus have and how does it work?
|
S-protein coats entire bacterium, shielding it from complement (C3b) attack
|
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Of the 3 species of veterinary interest in Campylobacter, which is most likely to have bloodstream infections and why?
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C. fetus; S-protein shields from complement attack
|
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How is Campylobacter fetus transmitted generally?
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STD; transmitted from bull or via AI
|
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If no other cause of abortion can be determined, which of the spirally-looking bacteria might be the culprit?
|
Arcobacter
|
|
Where in the GI tract does Campylobacter usually cause disease?
|
intestines
|
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Where in the GI tract does Helicobacter usually cause disease?
|
stomach
|
|
T or F:
Helicobacter spp. have a unipolar flagella. |
True
|
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What are the virulence factors of Helicobacter? Which is the most virulent?
|
Urease (most virulent)
Mucinase Adhesins Flagella |
|
What are some main genera of veterinary interest of the Enterobacteriaceae?
|
Escherichia
Salmonella Yershina Proteus Klebsiella |
|
T or F:
Most Enterobacteriaceae are obligate anaerobes. |
False! Facultative anaerobes!
|
|
T or F:
All Enterobacteriaceae are Gram negative rods. |
True
|
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What are general distinguishing characteristics of E. coli in diagnostic testing (ie: growth on plates)?
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Grows pink on MacConkey agar
|
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What are general distinguishing characteristics of Salmonella in diagnostic testing (ie: growth on plates)?
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H2S positive
|
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What are general distinguishing characteristics of Proteus in diagnostic testing (ie: growth on plates)?
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swarms on agar
|
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Which three antigens are found in the envelope of Enterobacteriaceae and what structure is associated with each antigen?
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H - flagellar antigen
K - capsule antigen O - LPS antigen |
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What are some general virulence factors of the Enterobacteriaciae?
|
LPS (endotoxin and endotoxic shock)
Enterotoxins Capsule Phase variation of antigens Siderophores (sequestration of growth factors) antimicrobial resistance |
|
T or F:
E. coli is the most common facultative anaerobe in the mammalian GI tract. |
True
|
|
Which four factors determine the virotype of E. coli?
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Patterns of attachment
Effects of attachment Production of toxins Invasiveness |
|
What are the 3 major intestinal virotypes of E. coli?
|
EPEC
EHEC ETEC |
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What are the toxins in effect for ETEC?
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LT1 and LT2 (heat labile toxins 1 and 2)
STa (heat stable toxin) |
|
Which antigen defines ETEC disease?
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Fimbrae (eg: K88 or K99)
|
|
Why aren't older cows afflicted with scours from E. coli K99?
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Fimbral receptor for K99 is only present in young cows
|
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What kind of diarrhea does ETEC cause?
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Hypersecretory diarrhea
|
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What kind of diarrhea does EPEC cause?
|
Malabsorptiive
|
|
Let's play ETEC, EPEC, or EHEC...
...less-intimate bacterial adherence. |
ETEC (also EHEC initially)
|
|
Let's play ETEC, EPEC, or EHEC...
...releases toxins into vasculature. |
EHEC
|
|
Let's play ETEC, EPEC, or EHEC...
...does not invade the tissues. |
ETEC, EPEC, and EHEC
|
|
Let's play ETEC, EPEC, or EHEC...
...secretes enterotoxin. |
ETEC
|
|
Let's play ETEC, EPEC, or EHEC...
...forms pedestals. |
EPEC and EHEC
|
|
Let's play ETEC, EPEC, or EHEC...
...secretes few (or no) toxins. |
EPEC
|
|
Let's play ETEC, EPEC, or EHEC...
...shigatoxin. |
EHEC
|
|
T or F:
Cattle are immune to EHEC. |
True! They have no shigatoxin receptor for the B subunit
|
|
Where can EHEC be found in cattle?
|
Rectoanal junction
|
|
What disease(s) does EHEC cause in pigs?
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Edema disease
Post weaning diarrhea |
|
Let's play ETEC, EPEC, or EHEC...
...causes HUS in dogs. |
EHEC (HUS = hemolytic, uremic syndrome)
|
|
Describe the pathogenesis of UPEC.
|
P1 pilli attach to bladder cells
Damage bladder Inflammatory process ensues |
|
T or F:
E. coli is a primary cause of contagious mastitis. |
False! E. coli is considered an environmental contaminant
|
|
In which species is colisepticemia common?
|
Calves and pigs
|
|
T or F:
Shigella is a common pathogen of domestic animals. |
False! Humans and non-human primates
|
|
T or F:
Shigella is an facultative intracellular organism. |
True!
|
|
What organism is responsible for typhoid fever?
|
Salmonella typhi
|
I am the KING of serotypic variation, there is none higha...
|
...sucka MCs all call me SIRE.
Yeah, its Salmonella |
|
What are the two clinical syndromes of non-typhi salmenellosis?
|
enteric (diarrrhea) and Septicemic
|
|
What is the pathogen responsible for the black plague?
|
Yershinia pestis
|
|
What is the "normal" plague cycle?
|
Sylvatic plague =
transmission between wild rodents and infected fleas |
|
What is a common condition caused by Proteus spp.? What species does this commonly occur in?
|
UTI in dogs/horses
|
|
Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia all cause which disease...
|
...mastitis
|
|
Morganella causes which diseases?
|
Ear and UTI in dogs and cats
|
|
What chronic diseases are associated with helicobacter infection?
|
Chronic gastritis
Ulcers Stomach cancer |
|
What is the proposed mechanism for helicobacter carcinogenesis?
|
Urease produces NH3 which forms nitrosamines
nitrosamines are mutagenic |
|
What is the ULTIMATE OPPORTUNIST?
|
Pseudomonas spp.
|
|
T or F:
Pseudomonas rarely infects an uncompromised host. |
True! It is an opportunistic pathogen and has trouble getting in to the system.
|
|
What is the major virulence factor of Pseudomonas spp.?
|
Alginate expolysaccharide capsule
|
|
What is the MAIN bacterial species of veterinary interest for Pseudomonas?
|
P. aeruginosa
|
|
Which species can be vaccinated against P. aeroginosa infection?
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Mink
|
|
Canine chronic otitis is caused by which bacterium?
|
P. aeroginosa
|
|
What are the major virulence factors of P. aeroginosa?
|
Alginate capsule
LPS Endotoxin A Siderophores (pseudomonas pigments) |
|
What are some effective antibiotics against P. aeroginosa?
|
Fluoroquinilones
Gentamicin Imipenem |
|
How does Burkholderia differ from Pseudomonas?
|
Mostly genetic
|
|
What are the two major pathogenic species of Burkholderia and what diseases are associated with each?
|
B. mallei (glander)
B. pseudomallei ( meloidosis) |
|
Where does glanders manifest in horses?
|
Necrosis of nasal mucous membranes, lymphatics, lymph nodes, skin
|
|
How is Taylorella equigenitalis commonly spread in horses?
|
STD (breeding or AI)
|
|
T or F:
Taylorella equigenitalis is easily cultured from infected horses. |
False!
It requires special growth media |
|
T or F:
There is no vaccine available against CEM. |
True
|
|
T or F:
Males with CEM are asymptomatic. |
True
|
|
Which species does Morexella typically cause disease in? Which species of Morexella are involved?
|
Cows (M. bovis)
Sheep (M. ovis) |
|
What is the morphology of Morexella?
|
Gram -
Paired coccobacilli (looks pretty much like Neisseria) |
|
What tissue does Morexella like to inhabit?
|
Mucous membranes
Lives in neutrophils |
|
What is the most common disease caused by Morexella in cattle? How is Morexella spread?
|
Pink eye
Fly or fomite vector |
|
Which genera of Pasteurellaceae are of veterinary importance?
|
Pasteurella
Haemophilus Mannheimia Actinobacillus |
|
T or F:
Members of Pasteurellaceae are very difficult to culture. |
False! They are very hardy!
|
|
What general category of disease does Pasteurellaceae generally cause (like skin disease, GI disease, respiratory dz, & etc)?
|
Respiratory (likes mucous membranes)
|
|
What is the most significant species of Pasteurella? In which species is it important?
|
P. multocida
Found in birds, pigs, rabbits |
|
T or F:
P. multocida has zoonotic potential. |
True! Via cat bites.
|
|
What are some major virulence factors of Pasturella?
|
Capsule
Adhesive factors (filamentous hemagglutinin) PMT (pasturella multocida toxin) |
|
What does P. multocida cause in pigs? In fowl? Mammals? Rabbits?
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Pigs (atrophic rhinitis)
Fowl (fowl cholera) Mammals (hemorrhagic septicemia) Rabbits (snuffles) |
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Which toxin is key in atrophic rhinitis? How does the bacterium acquire this toxin?
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PMT (pasturella multocida toxin); toxin carried on bacteriophage
|
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What is the main (unique) virulence factor commonly associated with Shipping Fever?
|
Mannheimia leukotoxin
|
|
T or F:
Mannheimia leukotoxin blocks apoptosis at low concentrations and is cytotoxic at high concentrations. |
False!
It blocks PHAGOCYTOSIS at low concentrations. It is true that it is cytotoxic at high concentrations. |
|
What is the "hallmark" of Haemophilus? (hint...think growth requirements)
|
Requires X and V factors to grow
(x = hemin; v = NAD) |
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What are factors X and Y anyhoo? Which organism(s) require these to grow?
|
X = hemin
Y = NAD Required by Haemophilus spp. |
|
T or F:
Factors X and V are important virulence factors of Haemophilus spp. |
False!
They are growth requirements of most Haemophilus spp. |
|
What is the specific form of LPS used in Haemophilus spp.?
|
LOS - lipooligosaccharide (a truncated LPS)
|
|
Glasser's Disease is caused by which pathogen? How is it commonly transferred?
|
Haemophilus parasuis; transferred sow to piglet (in period between passive and active immunity)
|
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What Haemophilus-caused disease affects the poultry industry? Which species causes this?
|
Avian coryza
H. paragallinarium |
|
What is one major difference between Haemophilus and Histophilus?
|
Histophilus doesn't need X and V factors.
|
|
What are the three forms of Haemophilus somni infection?
|
STD
Respiratory Septicemia |
|
What is a major virulence factor in Actinobacillus infection?
|
Hemolysins (similar to Hly in E. coli)
|
|
"Wooden Tongue" is caused by which bacterial pathogen?
|
Actinobacillus ligniersii
|
|
Which other bacterial pathogen might Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae synergise with?
|
Pasturella multocida
|
|
Which antibody is important for bovine resistance to H. somni?
|
IgG2b
|
|
T or F:
An animal immunized to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has long-term resistance. |
False!
Pretty piss-poor; only resistant to specific serotype |
|
T or F:
An animal that recovered from an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection has long-term resistance. |
True!
|
|
What does DIVA stand for?
|
Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals
|
|
What is responsible for sleepy foal disease?
|
Actinobacillus equi
|
|
T or F:
Bordatella petrussis is the cause of kennel cough. |
False!
B. bronchiseptica! B. pertussis causes whooping cough in humans! |
|
What are the secreted toxins of Bordatella spp.? Which causes cells to divide?
|
Hemolysin
Tracheal Cytotoxin Dermonecrotic toxin (causes cell division) |
|
T or F:
Bordatella spp. commonly causes disease within and without the respiratory tract. |
False!
Dz. outside the respiratory tract is rare! |
|
Which of the secreted Bordatella toxins caused ciliastasis?
|
Tracheal cytotoxin
|
|
T or F:
B. bronchiseptica causes a similar pathogenesis in cats and dogs. |
yup. pretty much the same disease
|
|
Why does Bordatella secrete a toxin promoting cell growth? Which toxin is this?
|
Cellular growth promotes hyperplasia allowing for colonization deeper into the respiratory tract. Dermonecrotic toxin mediates this.
|
|
Which virulence factor of Bordatella is critical to attachment to ciliated cells?
|
Filamentous hemagglutinin
|
|
What are the most important species (or genera) of ANAEROBIC pathogenic bacteria? (there are 6)
|
Bacteroides fragilis
Prevotella and Porphyromonas Fusobacterium necrophorum Dichelobacternodosus Treponema spp. Brachyspira spp. |
|
T or F:
Bacteroides spp. are anaerobic gram negative bacteria that can tolerate and use oxygen. |
True!
|
|
When are Bacteroides spp. a problem (ie: when are they pathogenic)?
|
When commensal intestinal flora is in imbalance
|
|
What diseases/conditions are associated with Bacteroides spp. infection?
|
Neonatal diarrhea
Bovine abortion feline/canine abscesses Intraabdominal abscesses Soft tissue infection Bacteremia |
|
T or F:
The LPS for Bacteroides spp. is the same as the LPS found in E. coli. |
False!
LPS in Bacteroides is less toxogenic than E. coli |
|
Which Bacteroides virulence factor is primarily responsible for diarrhea? What is the pathogenesis?
|
B. fragilis enterotoxin (BFT) is a Zn metalloprotease that destroys tight junctions in intestinal epithelium causing leakage and diarrhea.
|
|
What is the main difference between Prevotella and Porphyromonas?
|
Prevotella is saccharolytic while Porphyromonas is not.
|
|
Which anaerobic species are commonly responsible for periodontal disease in animals?
|
Prevotella and Porphyromonas
|
|
What bacteria work in synergy with Fusobacterium necrophorum? What disease do they cause?
|
Prevotella and Porphyromonas; also Dichelobacter make footrot
|
|
OK so we all know that Fusobacterium necrophorum causes footrot. What other diseases does it cause?
|
Necrotic bacillosis (liver abscesses)
Necrotic laryngitis (calf diptheria) |
|
What are the two main virulence factors involved in Fusobacterium necrophorum infections? What does each do?
|
Leukotoxin - protects against phagocytosis
Endotoxin - creates an anaerobic environment for anaerobic growth |
|
Which virulence factor provides significant immune protection against Fusobacterium necrophorum infection?
|
Leukotoxin (elicits a high Ab titer)
|
|
What is the CHIEF causative agent in ovine footrot?
|
Dichelobacter nodosus
|
|
What remarkable type of motility does Dichelobacter nodosus exhibit? Which virulence factor allows for this?
|
Twitching motility allowed by Type IV pili
|
|
T or F:
Dichelobacter nodosus immunity is broad once infected by one serogroup. |
False! Immunity is serogroup-specific.
|
|
Which bacteria species may be involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex?
|
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella Histophilus Mycoplasma |
|
Which viruses may be involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex?
|
BRSV
BHV BVDV PI-3 |
|
Even though vaccines exist for the organisms involved in BRDC, why is it sometimes not a good idea to vaccinate?
|
Vaccine-induced immunosuppression may trigger BRDC.
|
|
What are some major bacterial factors leading to tissue damage in BRDC?
|
Leukotoxin
LPS LOS (short LPS) |
|
T or F:
LOS (Lipooligosaccharide) is a form of LPS. |
True! LOS is short LPS
|
|
T or F:
Mycobacterium cannot survive within the macrophage. |
False! It definitely can!
|
|
Describe the staining properties of Mycobacterium spp.
|
Acid fast
Gram + |
|
Describe Mycobacterium physiology in terms of oxygen metabolism
|
obligate aerobe
|
|
What lesion type does Mycobacterium generally form?
|
a granuloma
|
|
How does Mycobacterium live inside the macrophage (ie: how does it prevent degredation)?
|
prevents phagosome from fusing with the lysosome
|
|
T or F:
Most mycobacteria within a granuloma are outside cells. |
True
|
|
Which pathogenic mycobacteria need to cross the mucosal barrier?
|
All of them!
|
|
T or F:
Mycobacterium bovis is zoonotic. |
True
|
|
How is M. bovis diagnosed?
|
Tuberculin test
Specimen culture IFN-gamma (?) |
|
How is M. avium diagnosed?
|
ONLY through culturing
|
|
Which pathogen is responsible for Johne's Disease?
|
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
|
|
T or F:
Cattle, sheep, and camelids are all highly susceptible to Johne's Disease. |
Dr. Bermudez says that sheep don't get it but I think that they do!
|
|
Is there a vaccine available for Johne's Disease?
|
Yes
|
|
What staining mechanisms are effective to visualize Spirochetes?
|
Dark field microscopy
Silver stain Fluorescent antibodies |
|
What form of motility do spirochetes exhibit?
|
Corkscrew motility
|
|
Where are spirochete flagella located?
|
Between cytoplasmic membrane and outer sheath
|
|
What are the 4 genera of spirochetes and where does each infect?
|
Treponema (humans)
Borrelia (humans/mammals) Leptospira (mammals) Brachyspira; Serpulina (intestinal parasites) |
|
What tissue does Leptospira spp. commonly colonize?
|
Renal tubules
|
|
What is the main carrier for Leptospirosis?
|
Rodents
|
|
What are the four general steps in Leptospira infection?
|
Mucosal contact and entry
Systemic dissemination and organ colonization Systemic clearance by serotype antibodies Colonization of kidney tubules |
|
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
What are the signs of Lyme disease?
|
Painful arthritis
Organ inflammation (esp. kidney) |
|
What is the pathognomonic lesion of Lyme disease in humans?
|
Erythema chronicum migrans
|
|
What tick genus transmits Lyme disease?
|
Genus ixodes
|
|
In which tick organ are the infective Borrelia found?
|
Salivary glands
|
|
T or F:
Borrelia don't undergo vertical transmission. |
True!
|
|
What is the main reservoir of B. burgdorferi?
|
White leg mouse
|
