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111 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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T or F:
Diarrhea is responsible for 50% of calf deaths. |
True!
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What are the 4 big causes of diarrhea in calves < 3 weeks old. What is the window of infectiveness for each?
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ETEC (<4d)
Rotavirus (4-14d) Coronavirus (4-14d) Cryptosporidia (usu 6-10d but can be 1d) |
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How does ETEC lead to secretory diarrhea?
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Heat-stable enterotoxin (K99) stimulates increase in intracellular cGMP which upregulates Cl- secretion.
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Which of the "big 4 causes of calf diarrhea" is associated with...
...malabsorption/maldigestion? |
Rotavirus
Coronavirus Cryptosporidium |
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Which of the "big 4 causes of calf diarrhea" is associated with...
...secretory diarrhea? |
ETEC
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Which of the "big 4 causes of calf diarrhea" is the most common cause overall?
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Rotavirus
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Which of the "big 4 causes of calf diarrhea" can also spread to the respiratory system?
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Coronavirus
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Which of the "big 4 causes of calf diarrhea" is associated with...
...hematochezia and tenesmus? |
Coronavirus
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Which of the "big 4 causes of calf diarrhea" destroys more of the villi?
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Coronavirus
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Which of the "big 4 causes of calf diarrhea" is stable and easy to ID via EM?
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Rotavirus
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Which of the "big 4 causes of calf diarrhea" is intracellular/extracytoplasmic?
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Cryptosporidium
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Describe the pathogenesis of acidosis in calf diarrhea.
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HCO3 losing initially
Next lactic acidosis Then uremic acidosis Necrotic cells contributes to acidemia |
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Predict the clinical signs, pH, and BE of a calf 8-10% dehydrated due to diarrhea.
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Standing, looks bad though.
pH 6.9 - 7.1 BE -10mEq/L |
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Predict the clinical signs, pH, and BE of a calf 10-12% dehydrated due to diarrhea.
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comatose!
pH 6.8 - 7 BE -15 to -20 mEq/L |
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Predict the clinical signs, pH, and BE of a calf 5-7% dehydrated due to diarrhea.
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QAR
pH 7.1 - 7.25 BE -5mEq/L |
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Predict the clinical signs, pH, and BE of a calf <5% dehydrated due to diarrhea.
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BAR
pH 7.4 BE 0 |
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When should you give oral fluids with calf diarrhea? Subcutaneous? IV?
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Give oral for mild cases
IV for really bad cases SQ to supplement both |
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Describe the volume and time period in which to give replacement fluids IV.
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Give estimated % body weight.
GIve half of deficit in 20 min, remainder over 2 hrs. |
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What should the tonicity of oral fluids given when treating diarrhea be?
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About 2x normal
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Why is glucose added to oral fluids in diarrhea treatments?
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Na/Glucose/Amino Acid cotransporter isn't destroyed and glucose helps to bring Na into cell.
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How can calf scours be prevented?
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Essentially hygiene and management.
Also ensure colostrum is given Maybe vx calf at birth? |
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What is the major cause of calf scours in animals >3 weeks? How is this treated?
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Coccidiosis! Treat w/Amprolium and Sulfa abx
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If you have a calf >3 weeks old that is REALLLLY sick with diarrhea, what should you think?
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Salmonellosis!
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T or F:
Immunity to coccidia doesn't occur until ~ 8 months of age. |
False. Immunity in 2-3 weeks post infection.
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What are the two global categories of scours? What is used to differentiate these?
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Complicated and uncomplicated; dependent on whether lesions extend beyond superficial GI tract
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What is the maintenance fluid rate in neonates?
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10% BW/day
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Diarrhea with hematochezia and tenesmus in a calf >3 weeks is likely due to...
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...Coccidiosis (eimeria)
(maybe itussusception) |
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What is the normal water content for cow feces?
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80-85% water
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What is the ultimate singular cause of gastric maldigestion?
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large feed particles in the colon (from DA, feed change, anorexia, oral meds, rumen acidosis, ulcers)
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Choose chronic diarrhea from gastric maldigestion or grain overload...
...normal lab work, cow BAR. |
gastric maldigestion
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Choose chronic diarrhea from gastric maldigestion or grain overload...
...abnormal blood pH. |
grain overload
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Choose chronic diarrhea from gastric maldigestion or grain overload...
...associated with large food particles in the colon. |
gastric maldigestion
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Which form of lactate is poorly absorbed? What is the origin of this form?
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D-lactate; from microbial overgrowth
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What are the infectious causes of adult cattle diarrhea?
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BVD
Salmonella Coronavirus (?? possibly for winter dysentery) Malignant Catarrhal Fever Eimeria |
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How is BVD transmitted?
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respiratory system
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What are the clinical signs of BVD?
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Acute biphasic fever, necrosis of pyer's patches, GI ulcers, panleukopenia
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What are the clinical signs of Winter dysentery?
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Profuse, acute watery diarrhea, often with frank blood. Little to no fever in cattle housed for winter.
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T or F:
MLV BVD vaccines are only effective against type 2 BVD. |
False!
They have the BEST EFFFICACY against type 2 but give protection against other types. |
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If a cow has non-profuse diarrhea with a drop in milk production, tachycardia, tachypnea, and variable temperature, what is the likely cause of the diarrhea?
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Endotoxemia!
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How does As poisoning cause diarrhea?
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As inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, preventing crypt cells from having energy and killing them
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What fluids can As be found in? Where are common lesions?
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urine, feces and MILK
lesions in GUT, kidney, and liver |
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T or F:
Salmenellosis can only be caused by one species. |
True!
S. enteridis with various serovariants |
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Salmonella is a(n):
a) aerobe b) anaerobe c) anaerobe and facultative aerobe d) aerobe and facultative anaerobe |
d) aerobe and facultative anaerobe
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What are the important strains of salmonella in vet med and what animals do they affect?
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typhimurium (all)
agona (horse) newport (cow, horse) dublin (cattle) anatum (horse) |
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T or F:
Salmonella can exist for over a year in the environment and is commonly transmitted via infected fomites. |
False!
While salmonella can stick around awhile, Fecal-oral transmission is the key! |
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Acute salmonellosis is characterized by what gut lesions?
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Deep ulcerative inflammation of the mucosa
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In chronic salmonella infections, organisms can be found in ________________.
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Lymph nodes
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What are risk factors for developing salmonellosis?
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Poor immunity
Hypomotile gut Decreased gastric acidity Decreased normal flora Referral hospital patients |
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Septic salmonellosis is most commonly found in which age animals?
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Animals < 1yr
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The most common clinical form of salmonellosis in adults is:
a) sepsis b) acute enterocolitis c) colic/proximal enteritis d) respiratory disease |
b) acute enterocolitis
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Which of the following forms of salmonellosis is common in horses only?
a) sepsis b) acute enterocolitis c) colic/proximal enteritis d) respiratory disease |
c) colic/proximal enteritis
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Approximately what percentage of infected adults become latent salmonella shedders?
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10-20%
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What are some important sequellae to salmonellosis in horses and in cows?
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Abortion in both
Laminitis in horses |
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What are important lab changes associated with acute salmonellosis?
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Hemoconcentration
Leukopenia w/degenerative left shift toxic changes Electrolyte and protein loss Acidemia and poor perfusion (uremia, high anion gap) |
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How is salmonellosis diagnosed?
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Culture and isolation (at least 5 serial cultures)
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How is acute salmonellosis treated? Chronic?
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treat like septic shock (fluids & NSAIDs); abx in neonates
no real treatment for chronic... |
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Which of the following are causes of diarrhea in foals?
a) E. coli b) Coronavirus c) Rotavirus d) coccidiosis e) Clostridia |
c) Rotavirus
e) Clostridia also foal heat, rhodococcus, strongyle and salmonella |
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If you see a 7d foal running around with butt-rocket diarrhea, what do you think? What is the treatment?
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Foal heat diarrhea; do nothing!
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What is the most common cause of diarrhea in the foal? What is the incubation period for this?
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Viral enteritis (rotavirus);
2-7d. |
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Which forms of diarrhea are possible in a foal 1 day old?
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Clostridial diarrhea
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Which forms of diarrhea are possible in a 7d foal?
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Rotavirus (2-7d incubation)
Foal heat (7-10d after birth) Salmonella (1-7d incubation) |
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What is the most common serotype of Salmonella causing diarrhea in the foal?
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S. typhimurium
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How can viral enteritis be tested for "stall side"?
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Latex agglutination test and ELISA detects both serotypes (H1 and H2)
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How can clostridial diarrhea be diagnosed?
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Isolate bacteria AND toxin
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What is the "hallmark" of clostridial diarrhea in foals?
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Hemorrhagic diarrhea
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How can clostridial diarrhea be treated in foals?
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Metronidazole
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Rhodococcal diarrhea can impact which age group of foals?
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1-4 month old foals
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What is the disease hallmark of Rhodococcus equi?
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Forms GI or pulmonary abscesses
Necrosis of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches |
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What are some important differentials for bovine chronic diarrhea?
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Parasites (oestertagia)
Granulomatous Enteritis (Johne's) Inflammatory/allergic bowel dz Increased hydrostatic pressure Deficiencies (Cu) |
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What are the 3 components of the HOT complex?
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Haemonchus
Ostertagia Teladorsagia (trichostrongylus) |
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Which type of ostertagiasis is the most important and why?
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Type II; all larva come out of hypobiotic state at once causing severe disease
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Johne's disease is caused by...
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...Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis
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Which tissues does Johne's affect?
a) gut b) GALT c) Uterus d) Lungs |
a) gut
b) GALT c) Uterus NOT THE LUNGS |
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Which animals can get Johne's disease?
a) Camelids b) Sheep c) Humans d) Rodents e) Horses |
a) Camelids
b) Sheep c) Humans (possibly zoonotic) e) Horses (rodents probably just shed; don't get clinical disease) |
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Where does Johne's disease like to live in the gut?
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Ileocecal junction;
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What is the best diagnostic for Johne's?
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Histopath! Acid-fast organisms in granulomas with macrophages and giant cells
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What are clinical signs of Johne's disease? When do they commonly occur?
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Emaciation, profuse, watery "pea soup" diarrhea, peripheral edema, SLOW drop in milk producion;
(Signs occur when cow is 1-2) yrs |
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Which Johne's test is best to use in a cattle herd with an ongoing problem?
a) Histopathology b) Fecal culture c) AGID or CR d) ELISA e) PCR |
b) Fecal culture
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Which Johne's test best detects low volume shedders?
a) Histopathology b) Fecal culture (pooled) c) AGID or CR d) ELISA e) PCR |
b) Fecal culture (pooled)
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Which Johne's test is not affected by vaccination?
a) Histopathology b) Fecal culture c) AGID or CR d) ELISA e) PCR |
a) Histopathlogy
b) Fecal culture e) PCR |
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Which Johne's test is used for regulatory purposes?
a) Histopathology b) Fecal culture c) AGID or CR d) ELISA e) PCR |
c) AGID or CR
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Which Johne's test is quick and cheap?
a) Histopathology b) Fecal culture c) AGID or CR d) ELISA e) PCR |
d) ELISA
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Which Johne's tests confirm a diagnosis in a clinical animal?
a) Histopathology b) Fecal culture c) AGID or CR d) ELISA e) PCR |
a) Necropsy/Histopath
d) ELISA e) PCR |
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Which Johne's tests are used to confirm a seropositive, necessary animal?
a) Histopathology b) Fecal culture c) AGID or CR d) ELISA e) PCR |
a) Histopath (post biopsy)
b) Fecal culture |
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Which Johne's tests are used to estimate herd prevalence?
a) Histopathology b) Fecal culture c) AGID or CR d) ELISA e) PCR |
d) ELISA
e) PCR (do on all cows >2yrs) |
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Which Johne's tests are required in Oregon for certification levels 1-4? On which age animals?
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Fecal culture + ELISA or PCR every cow >20 months.
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What are some general management principles to prevent the spread of Johne's?
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Remove all suspect animals
Minimize calf/cow contact Sanitize colostrum/clean udder Feed milk replacer or pasteurized milk Clean calf pens GOOD HYGIENE |
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What are sequellae to Cu deficiency in large animals?
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Villous atrophy
Normocytic, normochromic anemia Ill thrift & poor immune response Dilute hair color Crimpless wool (sheep) |
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What is the ideal Cu:Mo ratio?
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5:1
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What are the 3 histologic hallmarks of IBD?
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Edema of villous tip
Dilated lacteals Eosinophils at villous tips |
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What is the most common cause of adult equine diarrhea?
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Salmonella
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Which of the common causes of adult equine diarrhea is NOT contagious?
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Potomac horse fever
Phenylbutazone toxicity |
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Horses are more prone to developing laminitis with:
a) Salmonellosis b) Potomac Horse Fever c) Clostridial enterocolitis d) Phenylbutazone toxicosis e) Colitis X |
b) Potomac Horse Fever
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What is the main classic sign of phenylbutazone toxicity?
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Ventral edema!
(also afebrile, BAR, and cowpie diarrhea) |
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Which of the following is almost always associated with antibiotic use?
a) Salmonellosis b) Potomac Horse Fever c) Clostridial enterocolitis d) Phenylbutazone toxicosis e) Colitis X |
c) Clostridial enterocolitis
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What are sequellae associated with acute diarrhea in adult horses?
|
Laminitis
Renal failure Thrombophlebitis Peritonitis Cholangiohepatitis Pneumonia |
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T or F:
Acidemia in adult horse diarrhea is due to bicarbonate loss. |
False!
Mostly due to poor perfusion (way high lactate) |
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A normal ultrasound of the colon should only reveal...
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...GAS! pretty boring...
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Titres above which value should be considered positive for an active neorickettsial infection in a horse with diarrhea?
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Above 640
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What is the BVD of the small ruminant world?
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Peste des petits ruminants
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What types of coliform diarrhea do lambs get? Kids?
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Lambs (ETEC)
Kids (EPEC; also EHEC and EIEC) |
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Foul bloody diarrhea in sheep is likely due to...
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...Salmonella typhimurium (maybe also the clostridial diarrheas; also emieria)
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Johne's like disease in goats is caused by...
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...Yersinia enterocolitica or pseudotuberculosis
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Describe the pathogenesis for chronic Yersinial enterocolitis
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Multiple microabscesses in the gut wall create diffusion barrier and lymphatic blockage causing diarrhea
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Lamb dysentery is caused by...
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...Clostridium perfringens type B or C
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Why do only younger lambs get lamb dysentery and not older ones?
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Lambs have low trypsin levels and cannot inactivate the beta toxn produced by clostridium
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Which toxins are made by clostridium type d?
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Beta and epsilon
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Clostridium type D mainly affects which tissue in sheep? In goats?
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the BRAIN in sheep; the gut in goats
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What are some other names for Clostridial enteritis (Type D)?
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Enterotoxemia
Overeater's disease Pulpy kidney disease |
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How can Clostridial diarrhea be differentiated from other bacterial diarrheas in small ruminant bloodwork?
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Clostridial diarrhea has leukocytosis; (E. coli, Yersinia, and Salmonella has leukopenia)
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What is the major cause of diarrhea in goats?
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Dietary indiscretion
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