Bryan - LA Surgery - Midterm 1 part 2 - Winter 3rd Year

Where do urinary calculi normally lodge in ruminants?

Which stone type carries the best prognosis in ruminants?
a) struvite
b) calcium carbonate
c) silicate
d) oxalate

Which stone type is associated with alfalfa ingestion in ruminants?
a) struvite
b) calcium carbonate
c) silicate
d) oxalate

The major sign of urolithiasis is...

How can bladder rupture be assessed via chemistry?

How can urine be acidified in ruminants? Which stone type will this not help?

What procedure is the treatment of choice for breeding bulls with urolithiasis?

What are major indications for bladder marsupialization over other surgical techniques?

Which technique removes stones from the urethra?
a) urethrostomy
b) bladder marsupialization
c) tube cystostomy
d) penile amputation
e) urethral process amputation

Which breeds are predisposed to preputial prolapse/laceration and why?

What is important to remember when treating preputial abscesses?

Which animals are predisposed to penile hematomas? Where do they often occur?

Preputial hematomas > ______ cm should be treated surgically unless > ______ days old. What is the prognosis of surgery in these cases?

Persistent frenulum is common in which large animals?

What are two complications to an open castration in horses?
When are horses commonly castrated?

T or F:
In cases of omental evisceration in foals, the tissue is simply ligated and excised.

NAME THAT EMASCULATOR!

The round ligaments of the bladder come from ______________ while the round ligament of the liver comes from __________.

Where does the urachus communicate with the fetal bladder?
a) trigone
b) urethra
c) ureter
d) apex

Define hernia:

Choose complicated or uncomplicated hernia...
...often see systemic signs.

Choose all that are UNtrue regarding umbilical hernias:
a) usually develop by day 4
b) females and thorobreds may be more affected
c) the more contents in the hernia, the larger the hernia
d) often contain small intestines and omentum

Choose complicated or uncomplicated hernia...
...irreducible without systemic signs.

Which of the following should always be done when a complicated hernia is suspected?
a) ultrasound
b) palpation
c) fine needle aspirate
d) radiography
e) abdominocentesis

Which of the following are NOT indications for surgical intervention for a hernia?
a) hernia ring 3-7cm
b) signs of concurrent abscessation
c) 2 month old foal with 5cm uncomplicated hernia
d) signs of incarceration
e) no resolution with medical management after 4-5mos

Inflammation of the umbilicus is __________, the umbilical vein is ___________, and the umbilical arteries is _____________.

In a newborn foal, how large should the umbilical vein and artery be via ultrasound? How about the artery/vein/urachus together?

In a foal >10d old, how large should the umbilical vein and artery be via ultrasound? How about the artery/vein/urachus together?

Which foals have a higher incidence of patent urachus?

Which ruminants are predisposed to umbilical hernias?

T or F:
Ruminant umbilical hernias are more often infected than equines.

What is the most common isolate from ruminant umbilical infections?

Which of the following are NOT complications of umbilical hernia surgery?
a) septic arthritis
b) adhesions
c) evisceration
d) peritonitis
e) hernia

T or F:
Ruptured vaginal tunic is involved in most equine inguinal hernias.

Which breeds might you want to castrate standing and why?

How can herniated intestine be safely reduced in an inguinal hernia?

T or F:
Acquired inguinal hernias are emergency surgeries!

What is the most common penile neoplasm in the horse?

Which of the following are good treatments for proliferative penile tumors?
a) 5-FU
b) cisplatin injection
c) cryosurgery
d) circumcision
e) penile amputation

Which aspect of the bladder is usually ruptured in foals? What are some concurrent chem abnormalities?

What is the most common cause of urolithiasis in horses? What is the method of choice for removing large calculi?

What are common signs of urolithiasis in horses?

What layers are incised in the stab incision for abdominocentesis? What layers are perforated in the "2 pops"?

Normal abdominal fluid is straw-colored and..
a) <1500 cells/uL
b) <5000 cells/uL
c) <2.5g/dL protein
d) >20% mononuclear cells

What is the normal neutrophil:mononuclear cell ratio for normal abdominal fluid?

Abdominal fluid from a strangulating lesion would have...
a) >80% neutrophils
b) >2.5g/dL protein
c) orange to red color
d) >50K cells/uL
e) all of the above

Where is the opening to the nasolacrimal duct located?

What are two main indications for nasogastric tubing in the horse?

What type of ET tube is used for horses?

Why should you have large animals swallow as the ET tube is removed?

Which of the following arteries are good sites for pulse palpation in ponies?
a) facial
b) transverse facial
c) common digital
d) saphenous
e) radial

Which of the following arteries are good sites for pulse palpation in sheep?
a) facial
b) transverse facial
c) common digital
d) saphenous
e) radial

What are 2 good sites for direct BP in ponies? Sheep?

What does nystagmus mean in an anesthetized horse?

When using a mechanical ventilator, inspiratory pressures should not exceed ____________ cm water.

If you increase minute volume 2x and rate 2x on a mechanical ventilator...
a) this has no effect on tidal volume
b) this increases tidal volume 4x
c) this increases tidal volume 8x
d) this increases tidal volume 2x