Bryan - LA Surgery - Midterm 2 part 2 - winter 3rd year

What 2 problems can every diarthrodial joint get?

How many joint capsules in the fetlock? The carpus?

What are the 3 anesthetic agents commonly used in equine joint/nerve blocks? Which has the fastest onset? Which has the longest duration?

Which block ONLY blocks the heels and sole?

If you want to block the foot distal to the fetlock, which block is most appropriate? What nerves are affected?

Regarding the VAN triad on the abaxial sesamoid block, the nerve blocked lies...
a) more palmar/plantar
b) more lateral
c) in the center of the triad
d) palmar on the medial n. and lateral on the lateral nerve.

Which block anesthetizes distal to the fetlock and INCLUDING the fetlock? Which nerves are blocked?

Which block is used for the flexor tendons and distal check ligament?

In which of the following blocks is swelling a possible sequel?
a) abaxial sesamoid
b) low 4 point
c) high 4 point
d) palmar digital

What joint block may be used to anesthetize the navicular bone?

What are normal values for WBC and protein in synovial fluid?

What are the joints of the carpus? Which ones intercommunicate?

The coffin joint is commonly blocked medial and lateral to which structure?

What are the main articulations of the tarsal joint? Which joints intercommunicate?

What are the 3 major compartments of the stifle? Which of these communicate?

The most commonly affected joint compartment of the equine stifle is...

Which of the following predispose the fetlock to injury?
a) large range of lateral motion
b) lack of soft tissue covering
c) 2 sesamoid bones
d) small cross sectional area of weight bearing surfaces
e) low range of motion

Chronic thickening of the joint capsule without osseous radiographic lesions describes...

How is chronic proliferative synovitis treated?

Where do fractures tend to occur in P1? Which horses get them?

When should P1 fractures be treated? How are they treated?

Which breeds get sagittal and spiral P1 fractures?

Where do sesamoid fractures occur and which has the best and worst prognosis?

What structures attach to the sesamoids?

Which breeds get sesamoid fractures most often and where?

Which radiographic view is best to see cannon bone condylar fractures?

Where do most condylar fractures of the cannon bone occur?

What are the major articulations of the carpus? Which intercommunicate?

What nerve, artery, and vein bundle is found on the medial side of the flexor tendons?

T or F:
The majority of carpal motion is in the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints.

How is "calf knees" treated? What serious sequel often occurs due to calf knees?

Which carpal conformation puts stress on the sesamoids and suspensory apparatus? How is this treated?

What is the difference between a chip and a slab fracture?

What is the most common slab fracture in the horse? What is the most common chip fracture?

T or F:
Anesthesia into the radiocarpal joint will not improve lameness in most chip fractures of the carpus.

How are carpal slab fractures treated?

What is the most common problem diagnosed in the equine carpus?

How is carpitis treated?

What is a fluid-filled bursa over the carpus? How is it treated?

What should be done before treating any hygroma?

What are the two major swellings over the carpus?

Which needle sizes would be appropriate for local anesthesia? For intraarticular anesthesia?

How do you say periostitis over the dorsal cannon bone in horse language?

Which structure prevents excessive dorsal flexion of the fetlock?

Which of the following are signs of type 1 bucked shins?
a) lameness
b) pain on palpation
c) thickening of dorsal cortex of cannon bone
d) young horses
e) fractures of dorsal cortex of cannon bone

Which of the following are signs of type 2 bucked shins?
a) lameness
b) pain on palpation
c) thickening of dorsal cortex of cannon bone
d) young horses
e) fractures of dorsal cortex of cannon bone

Which of the following are signs of type 3 bucked shins?
a) lameness
b) pain on palpation
c) thickening of dorsal cortex of cannon bone
d) young horses
e) fractures of dorsal cortex of cannon bone

What are saucer fractures associated with? How can you tell if the fracture penetrates into the medulla?

What are treatment options for type 3 dorsal cannon periostitis?

Which condyle is most often fractured in the cannon bone? What are associated conditions with this?

How do you say "irritation and sprain of the interosseous ligament leading to periostitis" in horse-ese?

How is a splint treated?

What are indications for surgical removal of a splint fracture?

How are metacarpal/tarsal fractures treated?

What are the joints of the tarsus? Which ones communicate?

Which tarsal bone spans both rows? Which way is the talus oriented?

The cunean tendon is an extension of which structure?

Which tarsal joint moves the most?

How is cunean bursitis treated?

Which joints does bone spavin affect? Which side?

Which of the following is NOT a treatment for bone spavin?
a) rest
b) steroid injection
c) surgical arthrodesis
d) NSAIDs
e) corrective shoeing

If you see a horse move its rear legs in an arc from medial to lateral, what does it probably have?

What conformation abnormalities may contribute to OA of the hock?

How do you say bursitis of the tuber calcaneus in horsespeak?

How is capped hock treated?

How do you say desmitis of the plantar ligament in horsespeak?

Why should your horse not eat false dandelions?

What are some differential diagnoses for a horse with hyperreflexia in the hind limbs?

Which of the following is NOT associated with stringhalt?
a) unknown etiology
b) can be unilateral or bilateral
c) pain
d) involuntary flexion of the hock

How is stringhalt treated?

What is the horse-speak name for tenosynovitis of the DDF sheath proximal to the hock?

How is thoroughpin treated?

What are the common areas for OCD in the hock? Which is most common?

What is horse-speak for OCD in the hock?

If you find an OCD lesion in the hock, what should you do next?

What are the synovial compartments of the stifle, which is the largest, and which communicate?

Where does OCD in the stifle occur most often?

What are contraindications for stifle surgery due to OCD? What gives a bad prognosis for OCD here?

What age is OCD in the stifle often seen? How about osseous cysts in the stifle?

Where do osseous cysts in the stifle occur?

An outward arc in rear-leg motion indicates pain in what area?

T or F:
Stifle lesions will often not block out completely with intra-arthrodial anesthesia.

How are OCD cysts treated?