BS110 Flash Cards

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Title: BS110
Description: Spring 07
Number of Cards: 190
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Author: trey214809
Created: 2007-01-27
Tags: 1 bs test
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • What are the Foundation Theories of Biology?
    • Cell Theory and Theory of Evolution mid-1800's
    • Who Was Robert Hooke's?
    • first view of cells, made drawing from 1665 OAK BARK
    • Who Was Anton van Leuwenhoek?
    • First to view single-celled "animalcules' in pond water
    • What is a Cell?
    • compartments outside plasma membrane with a mixture of chemicals in a accua solution, capable of duplicating reproduce by dividing. Chemicals used to metabolize and promote energy
    • What is Biology?
    • The study of life, Characteristics, classification, behavior of organisms. Biology also explains Birth, Decay, and Death.
    • What is Cell Theory?
    • Cells basic structral units of organisms functions made of cells from pre existing cells. Links all organisms together with a common ancestor.
    • What are the problems with cell theory?
    • Where did the first cell come from.
      Clay, Electricity, molecules. Cell first came into being Billion years ago
    • Are viruses alive?
    • no
    • What did Luis, Pasteur Experiement in the Spontaneous Generation Hypothesis?
    • Broth put in flask, steralize it to see if cells are in it. Bottom line Cells only come from pre existing cells! Cells do not arise spontaneously.
    • Who came up with the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?
    • Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace
    • What are the Biology Foundations for Evolution?
    • Common Ancestory, Species change through time,
    • What are the Biology foundations for Evolution Through Natural Selection?
    • Fitness, and Adaptation
    • 2 Conditions for Natural Selection?
    • Population or group of organisms in a defined area have to be heritable or passed to generations, group of same speicies interbreeding.
    • Two Central, Unifying ideas of Biology?
    • Cell= fundamental structural unit of all organisms. All species related by comon ancestry and have changed over time via natural selection
    • What is Tree of Life?
    • Speciation, Linnean Taxonomy=namethings, Carolus linnaeus (Karl von Linne'), Taxon (Taxa)=More than one
    • What is Tree of life: Taxonomy?
    • Scientific or Latin Name: Genus(singular), General(Plural), Homo, Species (e.g. Sapiens)
    • What are the Tree of Life's Taxonomic Levels?
    • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
    • What are the Two Linnean Kingdoms?
    • Animalia and Plantae
    • Whatare the Linnean Kingdoms problems?
    • Molds, Mushrooms, other Fungi and Bacteria. Can move but some move and get food from other places or make own food
    • What is Phylogeny?
    • Classify beyond apearance- consider genealogical relationships= true historical relationships among types of organisms.
    • Eukaryotes?
    • Multi Celled and have Nucleous
    • Prokaryotes?
    • No membrane bound Nucleous, Bacteria and single Celled
    • What does Kingdom Monera include?
    • All prokaryotes
    • What does KingdomProtista include?
    • Several groups of unicellular eukaryotes
    • Who created Phylogenetic Tree of life?
    • Carl Woese et al. Classify by molecular components of cells. The Tree of Life was created based on Rrna
    • Tree of life is configured by?
    • 3 Domains then which fall under all the different Kingdoms
    • How does Biology Get Done?
    • Hypotheses, Experimentation/Observation and Testing
    • Why do Giraffes have long necks?
    • Food Competition Hypothesis: Predictions and Test
      1. Neck length is variable among giraffes,
      2. Neck length is a heritable trait.
      3. Giraffes feed high in trees, especially when food is scarce.
    • What was the outcome of Sexual Competition Hypothesis with Giraffes?
    • 1. Longer neck result in more forceful impact.
      2. Males with longer necks compete better, win more often, and father more offspring
    • Outcomes to Giraffes?
    • 1. Substantial amounts of feeding occur at low levels, even when food is scarce
      2.Long-neck males were more successful in fights and mated more often
      3.Male head/neck is proportionally larger than the females.
    • What are the Key Points to Experimental Design?
    • Control must be induced
      *Experimental conditioning must be carefully controlled
      *Randomization must be used to minimize misalaneous effects among controlled groups
      *Experiment must be repeated in large sample to produce more accurate results.
    • Why are Chili Peppers Hot?
      The Directed Dispersal Hypothesis
    • A.Chilies produce fruits that contain seeds.
      B.Cactus mice are seed eaters
      C.Curve-billed thrashers eat chili fruits.
    • Does the presence of capsacin in chilles deter some predators but not others?
    • Dispersal hypothesis-Capsaicin deters cactus mice (seed predators) but not birds (seed dispersers.
      Null hypothesis-Cactus mice and birds respond to capsaicin in the same way.
      Predictions-Both will eat hackberry, but only thrashers will eat pungent chilies.
      Prediction of null hypothesis-no difference between thrashers and mice in fruit consumed.
      conclusion-The presence of capsacin deters cactus mice but not thrashers.
    • What is the Molecular Basis for Inheritance?
    • *DNA as Hereditary Material
      *Testing Early Hypotheses about DNA Replication
      *A Comprehensive Model for DNA Synthesis
      *Replicating the Ends of Linear Chromosomes
      *Repairing Mistakes in DNA Synthesis
      *Repairing Damaged DNA
    • Does R Strain cause illness?
    • NO (benign)
    • Does S strain cause illness/death?
    • Yes (Virulent)
    • What strain is Heat killed?
    • S-Strain and its BENIGN
    • What happens when live R-strain is combined to heat killed-S strai?
    • Live-R-strain cells combined with heat killed S-strain cells are virulent
    • What was the Conclusion of R&S strains
    • Benign R-strain cells were transformed into virulent S-strain cells
    • What were the Implications of Griffith's Experiment?
    • *Chromosomal theory of inheritance
      *Genes make up chromosomes
      *Chromosomes=complexes of DNA & Protein
      *Chromosomes theory confirmed
      *Gariffifth's transforming factors had to consist of DNAor protein
    • What is DNA SYNTHESIS?
    • Genes (unit that determines specific trait blond hair) are made of dominated biology during the middle of the 20th century.
      *Once DNA was identified as the hereditary material, research could show how genes were copied and if there was a mistake during gene replication
    • What was DNA as the Hereditary Material?
    • *Frederick Griffith (1928)
      *Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • How do strains of streptococcus pneumoniae intereact?
    • *Leading cause of multiple infection types.
      *Gariffifth worked with strain that fix mice.
      *Strain=population of genetically identical individuals.
      *Virulence-ability of strain to cause illness/or death.
      *Virulent=disease causing benign=non-disease causing
    • What is Rough Colony (R)?
    • R-Strain is benign (lacking a protective coat, it is recognized and destroyed by the host's immune system).
    • What is Smooth Colony (S)?
    • S-Strain is virulent (polysaccaride coat prevents detection by host's immune system).
    • What was DNA as the Hereditary Material?
    • *Avery,McLeod and McCarty
      *Is Protein,DNA,or RNA responsible for the transformation of S. Pneumoniae observed by Griffith?
      *Proteins with great complexity and potential
      *DNA known to be composed of only 4 types of deoxyribonucleotides, so thought to be too simple of a molecule.
    • What was the Conclusion of DNA as the Hereditary Material?
    • *Only extracts with intact DNA could transform cells to virulence.
      *Hypothesis that DNA is hereditary material is supported.
    • What was the Hershey-Chase Experiment?
    • *Alfred Hershey&Marsha Chase
      *T2 virus & Escherichai ecoli
      1.Start of infection. Virus gene enter host cell. Protein coat does not.
      2.Virus genes direct the production of new virus particels.
      3.End of infection. New generation of virus particles bursts from host cell.
    • What did Hershy-Chase know about the Experiment?
    • *Virus attaches& injects genes.
      *Cell=host for virus.
      *Genes direct production of new genes of virus particles.
      *Protein coat left behind as a "ghost"
      *T2 coprised of nearly all protein & DNA.
    • So in Hershy-Chase, What goes into the host cell?
    • Virus genes
    • what was the conclusion in the Hershy-Chase case?
    • Viral genes consist of DNA. Viral coasts consist of protein.
    • what was the overall out come of the Hershey-Chase Experiment?
    • *by radioactively labeling the virus's DNA with 32P and its protein with 35S, they demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material.
    • Who was involved in DNA Structure (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)?
    • *Watson&Creek (1953)
      *Polymer of monomers(nucleotides)
      *Double Helix
      *Complementary base pairing
    • What is DNA Replication?
    • Genetic information must be accurately transferred from one cell to another during growth and from parents to offspring during reproduction.
      *In all 3, The existing DNA molecule serves as a template, or guide, for synthesizing the new molecule.
    • What are the Three Mechanisms of DNA Replication?
    • Semiconservative Replication, Conservative replicatioin, and Dispersive replication.
    • What is Semiconservative replication?
    • Each old DNA strand is copied to generate a new strand.

      Each new chromosome is composed of one strand of old DNA and on strand of newly synthesized DNA.
    • What is Conservative replication?
    • The original chromosome is copied but remains unchanged.
      *One chromosome is composed of old strands and the other of new strands.
    • What is Dispersive Replication?
    • The replication process generates 2 new chromosomes
      *New and old sections of DNA mixed together randomly.
    • What was the Meselson-Stahl Experiment in (1958)
    • *DNA tagging
      *E. coli
      *Nitrogen (N) isotopes=different densities
      *Centrifuge
    • What was the outcome of Meselson-Stahl Experiment (1958)?
    • *Grew E. coli in the presence of "heavy" nitrogen (15N) to label the bacteria's DNA.
      *After many generations, they moved the bacteria to normal 14N containing medium and separated the DNA by density.
    • What was the DNA Replication Results in Meselson & Stahl's Experiment?
    • Results supported semiconservative DNA replication as the mechanism by which the hereditary materal is duplicated
    • What was the DNA Replication Enzyme?
    • *Kornberg et al. mid-1950s
      *Hypothesis: DNA replicating system requires an enzyme to catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in the newly formed strands.
    • What is Asexual Reproduction?
    • *Any mechanism of producting offspring not involving fusion of gametes
      *In eukaryotes, mostly by way of MITOSIS
    • What is Mitosis?
    • Advantage reporduce quickly, unicellular reproduce lots of offspring in a short period of time.
      *Daughter cells identical to parent cell.
      *Chromosomes identical.
      *Because chromosomes are made up of genes.
      *The offspring are clones.
      *(genetically identical)to parent.
    • Whats the Cell Division- Mitosis?
    • 2 of each type of chromosome.
      *Diploid parent cell.
      *Chromosome replication.
      *Meaphase-individual chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
      *Two diploid daughter cells of mitosis.
      *Anaphase and Telophase-sister chromatides separate.
    • What is Sexual Reproduction?.
    • Sperm(male reproduce cell)Gametes.
      *Egg(female reproduce cell).
      *Fertilization produces zygote(fertile egg/new individual).
    • What are the Chromosomes basics?
    • Multi-cellular organisms-Have a constant number of chromosomes in all cells

      *Chromosomes of parent/daughter cells-Number after cell division(Mitosis)
    • How many pairs of Chromosomes?
    • 46 total and 23 pairs of homologoes pairs
    • What are the types of Chromosomes?
    • Homologs-Chromosome pairs.
      *Sex chromosomes-XX Male, Y female.
      *Autosomes-Non-sex Chromosomes.
    • What are the Chromosomes genes?
    • Homologs-Carry the same genes
      *Gene-DNA sequence that influence one + hereditary traits
      *Alleles-Different versions of a gene; alleles on homologs may differ.
      *Gene Locus(loci)-Points on chromosomes where genes are located.
    • What are Chromosomes Karyotype?
    • *Karyotype-number and type of chromosomes present in an organisms cell.
      *Homo Sapiens-46 Total and 23 distinct types.
      *Ploidy-number of each type of chromosome.
      *Diploid(2n)-Organisms with two of each chromosome.
      *Haploid(n)-organism with one of each chromosome no homologs.
      *Polyploid-organisms with greater than 2n(ex,triploid,tetraploid,hexaploid.
    • What are the Chromosomes Basics?
    • Embryonic cells-Same number of chromosomes as both parents even though all cells from mitotic division of zygote(n).
      *Parental gametes-Both contribute same number of chromosomes to zygote.
    • How can chromosomes from sperm & egg combine, but has the same chromosome number as each parent?
    • Must be something out there to allow this to happen Meiosis. Distinctive types of cell division must exist that lead*
    • What is Cell Division Meiosis?
    • *lessening act, Halving of chromosomes numbers, and precedes gamete formation.
    • What happens in Meiosis I?
      Interphase
    • Interphase:chromosomes extremely long structures, chromosomes replicated resulting in two sister chromatides.