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35 Cards in this Set

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What system provides slower, longer lasting regulation: endocrine (humoral) or autonomic?
Endocrine (humoral)
What system provides a rapid reaction to acute changes: endocrine (humoral) or autonomic?
autonomic
What chemical messenger is secreted by cells into extracellular space to affect neighboring cells?
paracrines
What chemical messenger is secreted by cells to interact on the same cells?
autocrines
Sweat glands and mammary glands, which secrete substances outside of the body, are considered __________ glands.
exocrine
The pituitary and thyroid glands are considered __________ glands because they secrete hormones in the body.
endocrine
T of F. Endocrine glands have ducts.
False. Only exocrine glands have ducts (so they can secrete substances outside body)
First successful organotherapy was 1891 treatment of ______________________.
hypothyroidism with glycerine extract from sheep thyroid
What are the 3 classes of hormones, and which class is the most prevalent?
1. Peptides/proteins (most prevalent)
2. Steroids
3. Amino acid derivatives
Where does peptide/protein hormone synthesis occur? Describe the process of peptide/protein hormone synthesis.
peptide/protein hormone is translated directly into the rough ER, where the signaling sequence is cleaved off to produce prohormone. It can then bud off the ER to enter the Golgi, where further processing occurs to produce active hormone
Where are peptide hormones stored? How are they released?
secretory vesicles in cytoplasm. Released via a calcium-dependent exocytosis mechanism, takes ms-sec
Can peptides be transported through the blood easily? How long is their half-life?
Yes- hydrophilic. Half life is short, on the order of minutes
A steroidogenic cell obtains most of its precursor cholesterol from ______________________, and converts it into cholesterol in what cellular organelle?
blood HDL and LDL

converted to cholesterol in SMOOTH ER
Can steroid hormones be stored in steroidogenic cells once synthesized?
NO! Only cholesterol can be stored in lipid droplets, so the steroid hormones must diffuse into the blood
Steroids travel through the blood via ______________, which extend the hormone's half-life.
specific carriers (general is albumin, more specific example = corticosteroid-binding globulin)
What does the blood measurement of total hormone concentration reflect?
It reflects the status of the BINDING PROTEINS rather than the true active hormone excess or deficiency
Amino acid derivative hormones come from what 2 amino acids?
-Tryptophan (makes melatonin)
-Tyrosine (catecholamines are made from one tyrosine and thyroid hormones from two tyrosines)
Catecholamines are what class of hormones?
Amino acid derivatives (from tyrosine)
Catecholamines are made from how many tyrosines?
one tyrosine
Thyroid hormones are made from how many tyrosines?
two tyrosines

*Mnemonic: TTT (Two - Tyrosine - Thyroid)
Amino acid derivatives: Where are catecholamines stored, and how long are their half-lives?
-Stored in vesicles
-Short half lives: 1-2 min
Amino acid derivatives: Where are thyroid hormone stored, and how long are their half-lives?
-Cell cytoplasm (released by diffusion/transporters)
-Long half-life (7 days for T4 and 24 hours for T3) due to plasma binding proteins (mainly thyroid-hormone binding globulin or TBG)
Most hormones act through __________ receptors.
Most are metabotropic (g-protein coupled receptor w/cAMP activity)
Most peptide hormones act through ____________ receptors.
Most are metabotropic (g-protein coupled receptor w/cAMP activity). A few work with enzymatic activity
In lecture, the peptide hormones that act through enzymatic receptors are (3):
1. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
2. Insulin
3. Growth hormone (GH)
Is cellular response via enzymatic receptors slow or fast?
Fast due to rapid kinase induced modification of downstream proteins (remember, this is for ANP, insulin and GH--these work through enzyme receptors)
Where do steroid hormones bind first?
in the cytoplasm first, then the complex gets translocated to the nucleus. VERY FEW have cell surface receptors that activate a signaling cascade and NONGENOMIC effects (don't bind in the nucleus)
The process of induction of new proteins through steroid hormone receptors tends to be (slow/fast).
Slow. Lag time of 90 minutes
Amino acid derivatives: where do catecholamines (dopamine, epinepherine) first bind?
cell surface receptors
Amino acid derivatives: where do thyroid hormones first bind?
in the nucleus, induce genomic effects
Once bound to intranuclear receptors, thyroid hormones can express their control functions for how long?
For days or even weeks!!!
What are the 5 ways that a hormone receptor can be downregulated? What does downregulation of a hormone receptor do?
-Inactivate receptor molecules
-Inactivate intracellular protein signaling molecules (G-linked protein cascade)
-Temporary sequestering of receptor inside of cell
-Destruction of receptors after they have been sequestered
-Decreased production of receptors

Downregulation decreases a target tissue's sensitivity to the stimulating effects of the hormone
In negative feedback control, what is regulated: secretory rate or tissue sensitivity?
tissue sensitivity
Give an example of positive feedback hormone control.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) at high estrogen levels
What are the 4 ways through which hormones are cleared by the body?
1. Metabolic destruction of tissues
2. Binding with tissues
3. Excretion by liver into bile
4. Excretion by kidneys into urine