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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All ____ carry blood away from the heart, with the exception of the ____ ____
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arteries
pulmonary arteries |
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The smallest branches of an artery
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arterioles
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___ are important in regulating blood pressure
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arterioles
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The wall of an artery or vein has three layers, or ____
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tunics
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Name the three layers of an artery
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tunica intima
tunica media tunica adventitia |
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The inner layer of an artery or vein is the ___ ___ which consists of _____ that forms a smooth surface for the blood
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tunica intima
endothelium |
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The middle layer of an artery or vein is the ___ ___ which consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle; thickest layer and contains severl layers of elastic fibers
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tunica media
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The outer layer of an artery or vein is the ___ ____, a relatively thin layer, consists of connective tissue rich in elastic and collagen fibers
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tunica adventitia
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Smooth muscle in its wall allows an arteriole to constrict (_____) or relax (_____), changing the radius of the arteriole.
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vasoconstriction
vasodilation |
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Changes in blood flow are regulated by the ____ ____ in response to metabolic need and bodily demands
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nervous system
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Capillaries are ____ vessels
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exchange
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Tiny vessels that form extensive networks within each tissue are called ____
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capillaries
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Capillaries are located close to almost every ____ in the body
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cell
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Capillary walls are thin and somewhat ____ (leaky)
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porous
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The capillary wall consists mainly of ____
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endothelium
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Small vessels that directly link arterioles with venules (small veins)
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metarterioles
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The so-called ___ ___ branch off from the metarterioles and then rejoin them and also interconnect with one another.
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true capillaries
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Whenever a capillary branches from a metarteriole, a smooth muscle cell called a ____ ___ is present
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precapillary sphincter
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___ ___ regulate the blood supply to each organ and its subdivisions
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precapillary sphincter
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Normally the ___, ____ and ____ receive the lion's share of blood, except in an emergency when blood is rerouted in favor of the ____ and ____
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liver
kidneys brain heart muscles |
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In the liver, spleen and bone marrow arterioles and venules are connected by capillary-like vessels called ____
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sinusoids
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The endothelial cells lining a sinusoid do not all come into contact with one another, leaving ___ in the wall
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gaps
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____ lie along the outer walls of sinusoids
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macrophages
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____ carry blood back to the heart
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veins
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Blood passes from capillaries into
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veins
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The smallest veins are called___
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venules
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All veins (except pulmonary) carry blood that is ____ in oxygen
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poor
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In general, veins have ____ walls than arteries
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thinner
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In veins, the ____ layer is the thickest layer in the walls of large veins
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outer (tunica adventitia)
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Most large veins have ___ that permit the vein to conduct blood toward the heart, even against the force of gravity
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valves
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Blood circulates through ___ circuits
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two
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Explain the double circuit that blood flows through
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1. pulmonary circulation connects heart and lungs
2. systemic circulation connects the heart and all the organs and tissues. |
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The ___ ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation (oxygen rich)
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left
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Blood is pumped by the ___ ventricle into the pulmonary circulation where gases are exchanged (oxygen poor)
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right
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The ___ ___ carries blood to and from the lungs
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pulmonary circulation
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The ___ veins are the only veins that carry oxygen-rich blood and the ___ arteries are the only arteries that transport blood that is poor in oxygen
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pulmonary
pulmonary |
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Describe the sequence of the pulmonary circulation
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right atrium-> right ventricle-> pulmonary arteries-> pulmonary capillaries-> pulmonary veins-> left atrium
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The ____ circulation carries blood to and from the tissues
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systemic
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The largest artery in the body is the ___
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aorta
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The aorta has ___ main regions
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four
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Identify the four regions of the aorta
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1. ascending aorta, travels upward (superiorly)
2. aortic arch, curves from the ascending aorta and makes a u-turn 3. thoracic aorta descends from the aortic arch, passing through the thorax; lies posterior the the heart 4. abdominal aorta, longest, descends downward through the abdominal cavity. |
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Th thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta together make up the ___ ____
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descending aorta
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The superior and inferior ___ ___ return blood to the heart
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venae cavae
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The ___ ___ ___ receives blood from the upper portions of the body
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superior vena cava
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The ___ ___ ___ receives blood returning from below the level of the diaphragm
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inferior vena cava
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____ arteries supply the brain
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four
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Two ___ ___arteries enter the cranial cavity in the midregion of the cranial floor
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internal carotid
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Two ___ ___ pass through the foramen magnum and join on the ventral surface of the brainstem
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vetrebral arteries
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Branches of the subclavian arteries are called
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vetrebral arteries
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Together the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries form the ___ ___
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basilar artery
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Branches of the internal carotid arteries and basilar artery form a circle of arteries at the base of the brain known as the ___ ___ ___
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Circle of Willis
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The joining of two or more arteries is called an arterial _____
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anastomosis
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From the brain capillaries, blood drains into large ___ ____ located in the folds of the dura mater
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venous sinuses
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A ____ ____ is a specialized vein that has no smooth muscle in its wall
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venous sinus
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Blood from the venous sinuses empties into the ____ ___ veins at either side of the neck
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internal jugular
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From the internal jugular veins, blood passes through the ____ ___ and into the superior vena cava
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brachiocephalic veins
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Describe a simplified summary of blood flow to and from the brain
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aorta->common carotid artery-> internal carotid artery -> circle of Willis-> capillaries in brain-> venous sinus-> internal jugular vein-> brachiocephalic vein-> superior vena cava
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The few veins which carry blood to a second set of exchange vessels are called ____ ___
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portal veins
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The ___ ___ vein delivers blood from the organs of the digestive system to the liver
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hepatic portal
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Blood is delivered to the intestines by the ____ ____ and enters capillaries in the intestinal wall
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mesenteric arteries (gut)
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After nutrients are absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal wall, blood flows into the ___ ___ vein
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superior mesenteric
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The superior mesenteric vein empties into the ____ ____ vein which conducts blood to the liver
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hepatic portal
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____ cells remove and store nutrients whose concentrations are above homeostatic levels; also removes toxic substances from the blood
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liver
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The alternate expansion and recoil of an artery is the ____ _____
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arterial pulse
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____ ____ is the force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels
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blood pressure
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Blood pressure is determined by what two things?
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1. the flow of blood
2. the resistance to the flow of blood |
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The flow of blood depends directly on the ____ ____ of the heart
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pumping action
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When cardiac output increases, blood flow increases, causing a ____ in blood pressure
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rise
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Blood flow is directly affected by ___ ___
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blood volume
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The normal volume of blood in the body is about ___ ____
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5 liters
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Too much sodium in the diet may result in an ____ in blood volume and therefore an ____ in blood pressure
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increase
increase |
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____ ____ is the opposing force to blood flow caused by viscosity of the blood and the friction between the blood and the wall of the blood vessel
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peripheral resistance
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The length of a blood vessel does not change, but the ____, especially of an arteriole, does. Small change = big change in blood pressure
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diameter
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_____ (a decrease in blood vessel diameter) increases resistance to blood flow
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vasoconstriction
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______ (an increase in blood vessel diameter), decreases resistance to blood flow
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vasodilation
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At any given moment, more the ____% of all the blood in circulation can be found within the veins
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60
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Blood is pushed along by the ___ of blood behind it and by ____ of veins when skeletal muscle contracts
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pressure
compression |
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When one stands for a long period blood ____ in the veins
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pools
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Lifting a person who has fainted to an upright position can result in ____ ____
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circulatory shock
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A blood pressure reading is expressed as ____ pressure over ____ pressure
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systolic
diastolic |
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What is considered normal blood pressure?
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<120 systolic and <80 diastolic
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Blood pressure can be measured with a _____ and ____
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sphygmomanometer (BP cuff) and stethoscope
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When systolic pressure is >140 and diastolic is >90, a person is considered to have ___ ___ ___ or ____
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high blood pressure
hypertension |
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Hypertension is a risk factor for _____ ______
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cardiovascular disease
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In hypertension, there is usually increased vascular _____
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resistance
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With hypertension, the left ventricle _____ and may begin to deteriorate in function
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enlarges
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____ are specialized receptors sensitive to changes in blood pressure
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baroreceptors
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In response to low blood pressure, the kidneys release ____ which acts on the plasma protein ____
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renin
angiotensin (angie 1) |
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When angiotensin is initiated, ___ remakes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2, a powerful ______
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acetylcholine
vasoconstrictor |
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Angiotensin 2 acts indirectly to maintain blood pressure by signaling the adrenal glands to increase its output of _____
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aldosterone
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Aldosterone increases the retention of sodium ions by the kidneys, resulting in greater fluid retention and increased blood volume, ____ blood pressure
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increasing
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The lymphatic system is an ____ circulatory system
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accessory
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Name the three principal functions of the lymphatic system
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1. Collect and return interstitial fluid
2. Defender; launching immune responses 3. Absorbs lipids and transports them to the blood |
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Lymph tissue is a type of ____ tissue and organized into small masses of tissue called lymph ____ and lymph ____
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connective
nodules nodes |
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The lymph circulation ____ excess interstitial fluid and ____ it to the blood
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collects
returns |
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Dead-end lymph _____ extend into most tissues, alongside the blood capillaries.
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capillaries
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Lymph capillaries conduct lymph to larger vessels called _____ which enter lymph nodes
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lymphatics
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As lymph flows through lymph sinuses within the tissue of the lymph node it is _____
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filtered
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Lymphatic vessels from all over the body (except the RUQ) drain into the ____ ___
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thoracic duct
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The thoracic duct delivers lymph into the base of the ___ ____ vein
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left subclavian
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Lymph from the RUQ drains into the ____ ____ ___ which empties lymph into the base of the ___ ____ vein
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right lymphatic duct
right subclavian |
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Describe the general pattern of lymph circulation
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lymph capillaries-> lymphatic-> lymph sinuses in lymph node-> lymphatic -> thoracic duct (or right lymphatic duct) -> subclavian vein
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Lymph nodes ___ lymph which help prevent the spread of ____
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filter
infection |
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Lymph nodes are most numerous in the ___ & ___ regions
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axillary & groin
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The ___ ____ are located at the base of the tongue
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lingual tonsils
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The ___ ___ is located in the posterior wall of the nasal portion of the pharynx
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pharyngeal tonsil
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When enlarged, the pharyngeal tonsil is called the _____
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adenoids
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Most prominent are the paired ___ ____ on each side of the throat which are thickenings in the mm of the throat
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palatine tonsils
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Stratified epithelium of the throat that overlies the tonsils dips down to form ___ to ___ pits or ____ in each tonsil
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10-20
crypts |
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The ___ is the largest organ of the lymphatic system
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spleen
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One of the main functions of the spleen is to ___ _____
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filter blood
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The spleen stores ____
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platelets
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When the spleen is surgically removed, some of its functions are taken over the the ___ ___ and the ____
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bone marrow
liver |
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The thymus gland plays a role in ____ function
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immune
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The thymus produces several hormones collectively called ____
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thymosin
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