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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensory receptors _____ the energy of a stimulus into electrical signals
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transduce
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Any detectable change in the environment is called a ______
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stimulus
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A ____ _____ is a specialized ending of a sensory neuron or one or more specialized cells in close contact with a sensory neuron
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sensory receptor
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Electrical signals are the ____ ____ of the nervous system
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information currency
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What are the sense organs?
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eyes, ears, nose and taste buds
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_____ ____ is the process of selecting, interpreting and organizing sensory information
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sensory perception
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_____ respond to visible wavelengths of light and transduce light energy
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photoreceptors
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_____ are activated when they change shape as a result of being pushed or pulled and transduce mechanical energy.
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mechanoreceptors
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Mechanoreceptors convert mechanical forces directly into ____ ____
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electrical signals
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____ transduce the energy of certain chemical compounds
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chemorecepters
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_____ respond to thermal infrared energy
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thermoreceptors
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____ are pain receptors that respond to stimuli that could damage the body
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NOCIceptors
noci = pain |
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____ is our dominant and most refined sense
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vision
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____ vision helps us judge distances and depth
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binocular
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Tears flow at all times from the ___ ____
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lacrimal glands
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What is the instrument used to open up the lacrimal glands of infants who don't shed tears?
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nasal lacrimal probe
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The white of the eye is the ____
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sclera
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The sclera joins the _____
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cornea
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The ____ is the transparent layer that covers the iris and the pupil at the front of the eye; aka the "window of the eye"
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cornea
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The sclera is covered by the _____
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cojunctiva
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The moist mucous membrane that extends as a continuous lining of the inner layer of the eyelids
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conjunctiva
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The second layer of the eye is the ____ made of black pigment cells that absorb light rays
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choroid
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The anterior cavity between the cornea and the lens is filled with ___ ____
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aqueous humor
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The posterior cavity between the lens and the retina is filed with a viscous fluid called ____ ___
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vitreous humor
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An abnormal accumulation of aqueous humor results in ____; increased pressure in the eye that damages the retina and optic nerve; inherited condition - loss of peripheral vision - "tunnel vision"
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glaucoma
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The ____, the colored part of the eye, is a muscle that regulates that amount of light entering the eye
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iris
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In the iris, one set of muscles is arranged circularly to contract and ____ the size of the pupil
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decrease
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In the iris, one set of muscles is arranged radially and contracts to ____ the size of the pupil
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increase
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The black spot, or opening in the center of the circular muscles of the iris, is the ____ of the eye
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pupil
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What class of drugs will constrict pupils?
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narcotics
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The ____ of the eye is an adjustable, transparent, elastic ball that lies just behind the iris
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lens
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The ____ refracts the light rays coming in and brings them to a focus on the retina
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lens
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A cloudy or dark lens is an indication of ______; the black part becomes white and is known as a "waterfall"
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cataracts
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Positioning the eyeballs is the function of the coordinated and precise actions of the six ____ ____ that control the movement of each eye
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extrinsic muscles
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The _____ _____ of the eye originates from outside the eye
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extrinsic muscles
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_____ is the ability of the eye to change focus for near or far vision by changing the shape of the lens
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accommodation
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Accommodation is the function of the _____ muscle
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ciliary
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The _____ _____ are gland-like folds that project toward the lens and secrete aqueous humor
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ciliary processes
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The lens is attached to the ciliary muscles by tiny fibers that make up the ____ ____
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suspensory ligament
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To focus on objects that are near, the ciliary muscles ____
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contract
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To focus on distant objects, the ciliary muscles ____
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relax
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With aging, the lens loses some of its elasticity and cannot adjust as well to bring objects into focus in a condition known as ______ or loss of accommodation
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presbyopia
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The ____, the innermost layer of the eye contains rods and cones
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retina
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The cones of the retina are responsible for ____ vision and vision during the ____
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color
day |
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The _____ of the retina are responsible mainly for vision in dim light or darkness
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rods
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The cones are most concentrated in the ____
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fovea
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The ____ is a small depression in the center of the posterior region of the retina and is the region of sharpest vision
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fovea
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_____ = "eagle eye" - area of central vision
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macula
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Photoreceptors synapse on ____ cells
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bipolar
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Bipolar cells make synaptic contact with ____ cells
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ganglion
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The axons of the ganglion cells extend across the surface of the retina and unite to form the ____ ____
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optic nerve
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The area where the optic nerve passes out of the eyeball is the ____ ____
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optic disc
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The ____ ____ is known as the "blind spot" because it lacks rods and cones
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optic disc
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The pigment ____ is responsible for the ability to see
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rhodopsin
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When exposed to light, rhodopsin breaks down into ____ and ____
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opsin
retinal |
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The optic nerves cross in the floor of the hypothalamus, forming an X-shaped structure called the ____ ____
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optic chiasm
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The ____ is the outer ear that projects from the side of the head
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pinna
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The ear canal or ____ ____ ____ leads to the middle ear
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external auditory meatus
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The lining of the ear canal contains ____ ___ that secrete earwax
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ceruminous glands
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The ___ ____ or eardrum, separates the middle ear from the external ear
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tympanic membrane
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The ____ ___ is a small, moist cavity in the temporal bone
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middle ear
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Three small bones or ___ ____ reside in the middle ear
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auditory ossicles
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At the rear of the cavity, the middle ear opens into the ___ ____ of the temporal bone
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mastoid process
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Usually air pressure is equalized on the two sides of the tympanic membrane by the ____ ____
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eustachian tube
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The ____ ____ connects the middle ears and the nasopharynx
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eustachian tube
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Name the three auditory ossicles
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mallus (hammer)
incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup) |
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The auditory ossicles form a chain from the tympanic membrane to the ____ ____, a small membrane between the middle and inner ears
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oval window
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The auditory ossicles act as three interconnected _____ that help ____ vibrations
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levers
amplify |
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The inner ear contains_______ that convert sound waves to nerve impulses
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mechanoreceptors
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The inner ear is a ____ ____ composed of three compartments
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bony labyrinth
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The bony labyrinth of the ear contains a fluid called _____
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perilymph
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The _____ is a snail shaped portion of the inner ear that contains the organs of Corti
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cochlea
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The ____ ___ ____ are sound receptors that contain sensory cells that respond to sound waves by stimulating the cochlear nerve
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organs of Corti
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Each organ of Corti contains about ____ hair cells
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18,000
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_____ depends on frequency of sound waves, or number of vibrations per second and is expressed as hertz
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pitch
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The human ear is equipped to register sound frequencies between ____ and ____ Hz
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20 - 20,000
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We are most sensitive to sounds between ____ and ____ Hz
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1000 - 4000
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Loud sounds cause resonance waves of greater _____ (height)
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amplitude
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Variations in the ___ of sound depend on the number and kinds of overtones produced
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quality
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_____ are responsible for our sense of smell and taste
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chemoreceptors
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_____, or the sense of smell is the function of chemoreceptor cells
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olfaction
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_____ are chemical substances that can be smelled and dissolve in the mucus on the surface of the olfactory epithelium
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odorants
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Odors detected by the olfactory epithelium are transmitted by the ____ _____ to the olfactory cortex in the _____ lobe
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olfactory nerves
temporal |
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We can detect at least ____ main groups of odors
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seven
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We can perceive about _____ different scents
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10,000
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____ is the sense of taste
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gustation
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Taste buds are found mainly in _____
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papillae
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Tiny elevations on the tongue are called
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papillae
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Name the five main tastes
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sweet, sour, salty, bitter and glutamate
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The ____ ____ include the receptors that respond to touch, pressure, vibration, pain, changes in temp. and muscle stretch
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general senses
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Thousands of specialized _____ receptors are in the skin
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tactile
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______ are free nerve endings that allow us to detect temp. changes
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thermoreceptors
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The sensory neurons release the neurotransmitter _____ and ______ __
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glutamate
substance P. |
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_____ relieve pain by blocking the release of substance P
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opiates
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More than ____ opiates are in the brain, spinal cord and pituitary gland
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10
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Endogenous opiates such as beta-endorphin and enkephalin are thought to inhibit certain neurons in the ____ ____
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spinal cord
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The brain locates pain based on _____ _____
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past experience
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After an amputation, a patient may feel _____ ______ in the missing limb
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phantom pain
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Pain is often ____ to an area just under the skin that may be some distance from the organ involved
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referred
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When pain is felt at both the site of the distress and as referred pain, it may seem to _____ from the organ to the superficial area
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radiate
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Stimulation of the skin over a painful area with electrodes is called
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TENS
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In _____, needles are inserted to stimulate afferent neurons that inhibit pain signals
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acupuncture
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_____ help us maintain the position of the body and its parts
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proprioceptors
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Proprioceptors called ____ ____ detect muscle movement
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muscle spindles
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Proprioceptors called ____ ____ ___ determine stretch in the tendons that attach muscle to bone
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Golgi tendon organs
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Proprioceptors called ____ ____ detect movement in ligaments
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joint receptors
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____ ____ is a conscious awareness of body position
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kinesthetic sense
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