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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cancer?
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-loss of regulation in cell division
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What is a tumor?
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-mass of cells with no function
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_____ tumors invade the surrounding tissues
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-malignant (cancerous)
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_____ tumors have no effect on surrounding tissue
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-benign (noncancerous)
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In _____ tumors, individual cells break away and start new tumors elsewhere.
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-metastatic (cancerous)
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What is cancer often caused by?
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-mutations to genes that regulate cell growth and division
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What genes are most commonly mutated in cancer cells?
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-proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
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What genes prevent the development of many cells containing mutations?
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-tumor-suppressor genes
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What genes code for cell cycle control proteins (stimulate cell division)?
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-proto-oncogenes
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What genes can become oncogenes when mutated?
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-proto-oncogenes
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Cancer involves ___________________________________________________________.
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-an irregular cell that reproduces more often than it should, eventually causing a cancerous tumor
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Cell division normally is _________________________________________________________.
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-precisely controlled by an internal clock.
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Cell cycles regulation is accomplished by _____________________________________________________________.
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-a balance between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.
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Cancer causing agents often _____________________________.
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-cause mutations.
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When damage occurs to genes that regulate the cell cycle ____________________________________________________________.
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-cells divide uncontrollably.
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When genes lose their regulations capability, cells:
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-continue to divide
-lose cellular and tissue level organization created by controlled cell division |
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Cancer cells can invade _____ _____ and _____ _____. This is called _____.
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-surrounding tissues and blood vessels
-metastasis |
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In metastasis, cells:
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-are transported via circulatory or lymphatic system to other parts of the body
-reinvade and grow at new location |
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How is cancer diagnosed?
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-biopsy (visually examines cell organization)
-genomics (genetic evaluation) -proteomics (protein evaluation) |
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Cancer cells often have distinctive changes in structure due to ____________________________.
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-loss of genetic regulation
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Since cancer is closely tied to _____ changes, organisms that alter the _____, such a viruses, can play a role in cancer development.
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-genetic
-genome |
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What are possible treatments of cancer?
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-removal of tumor
-chemotherapy -radiation |
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What is the process of chemotherapy and what areas does it affect?
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-interrupts cell division
-targets most dividing cells, good and bad |
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What is the process of radiation and what areas does it affect?
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-damages DNA, causing cell death
-localized to specific tissue |
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What are the effects of chromosomal alterations?
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-miscarriage
-developmental disorders |
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What is nondisjunction?
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-pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis
-one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy |
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Down syndrome affects the ____ __ chromosome and occurs in _______. Chances of having a down syndrome child increase with _____ _____.
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-Trisome 21
-nondisjunction -mother's age |
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How is cancer "prevented?"
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-avoid exposure to mutagens
-don't smoke -eat a healthy diet -get vaccinated and avoid exposure to cancer-causing viruses |
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Nondisjunction in sex chromosomes and their effects?
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-XXY- male but sterile
-XYY- male, no effect -XXX- female, no effect -X- female, but sterile |
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What is polyploidy and where does it generally occur?
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-3 or more sets of chromosomes
-generally occurs in plants, not animals |
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In what ways can chromosome structures be altered?
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-deletion (removes a part)
-duplication (repeats a part) -inversion (flips a part to its opposite) -translocation (crossing over for non-homologous chromosomes |
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An individual must be _____ _____ to suffer from a recessive disorder.
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-recessive homozygous
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