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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cardiac Output formula
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CO = HR x SV
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What influences cardiac output?
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Influenced by activity level, metabolic rate, physiologic and psychologic stress, age, body size, cardiac reserve
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Cardiac Index
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CI = CO/body surface area
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Heart Sounds
S1 (lub) |
Caused by Tricuspid and Mitral valve closure
diastole |
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Where can you best hear S1?
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Apex of the heart
by the diaphragm |
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Heart Sounds
S2 (dub) |
Caused by aortic and pulmonic valve closure
systole - onset of relaxation |
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Where can you best hear S2?
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2nd ICS
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Heart Sounds
S3 (lub-dub-AH) |
ventricular gallop
due to myocardial failure and ventricular volume overload |
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What dx are usually associated with S3 sounds?
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CHF; mitral or tricuspid regurgitation
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Heart Sounds
S4 (TA-lub-dub) |
atrial gallop
due to increased resistance to ventricular filling after atrial contraction |
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What dx are usually associated with S4 sounds?
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HTN, CAD, aortic stenosis, cardiomyopathy
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Systole
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ventricles contract and eject blood into pulmonary and systemic circuits
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Diastole
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ventricles relax and refill with blood
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Pulse Deficit
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Radial pulse rate falls behind apical rate
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What does it mean if there is a pulse deficit?
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Indicates weak, ineffective contractions of left ventricle (p 801)
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Atrial fibrillation
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rapid impulses bombard AV node resulting in irregular ventricular response
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Manifestations of A-fib
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decreased CO such as hypotension, shortness of breath, fatigue, and angina
Peripheral pulses are irregular and of variable strength Increases risk for thromboemboli - incidence of stroke is high |
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Ventricular fibrillation
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extremeley rapid chaotic ventricular depolarization causing ventricles to quiver and stop pumping - CARDIAC ARREST
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Manifestations of V-fib
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absence of pulse, losses of consciousness, stop breathing
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