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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consistant elevation of systemic arterial pressure
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hypertension
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top number of blood pressure reading
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systolic
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bottom number of blood pressure reading
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diastolic
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normal blood pressure
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120/80
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the only early clinical manifestation of hypertension
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elevated BP
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late manifestations of hypertension cause damage to what organs?
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eyes, kidneys, brain
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treatment for hypertension
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lifestyle modification and drug therapy
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decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP measurements
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orthostatic hypotension
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clinical manifestations of orthostatic hypotension
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dizziness, blurred vision, syncope (fainting)
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How do you prevent orthostatic hypotension?
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slow position changes and maintaining fluid status
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localized dilation of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber
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aneurysm
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most common cause of an aneurysm
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atherosclerosis
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most common site of an aneurysm
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abdominal aorta
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Manifestations of an aneurysm are usually ____ until they rupture.
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asymptomatic
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Symptoms of an aneurysm mimic a ______.
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kidney stone
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Treatment for aneurysms include...
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prevention of hypertension, smoking cessation, surgery if > 5cm
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obstruction of a vessel caused by air, amniotic fluid, fat, bacteria, cancer, blood clot
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embolism
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____ embolism comes from the right heart chamber.
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Pulmonary
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____ embolism comes from the left heart chamber.
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Arterial
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An embolus will lead to ___ of the affected area.
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ischemia
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What two main complications will an embolus lead to?
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CVA (stroke), MI (heart attack)
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Treatment for embolism includes what?
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anticoagulant therapy, hospitalization, arterial catheterization if total occlusion is present
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inflammation of the pericardium
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acute pericarditis
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What is the most common cause of acute pericarditis?
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infection
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causes of actue pericarditis
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infection, uremia, neoplasm, MI, surgery, trauma
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symptoms of acute pericarditis
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severe chest pain, low grade fever, tachycardia, friction rub
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accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
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pericardial effusion
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usually occurs with pericarditis
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pericardial effusion
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can result in tamponade (decreased cardiac output due to increased size of sack) and heart failure
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pericardial effusion
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valve fails to close completely and blood leaks back "upstream"
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mitral valve prolapse
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In what disorder is a loud murmur heard?
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mitral valve prolapse
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Develops slowly from rheumatic heart disease, conginital malformation or calcium deposits
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aortic stenosis
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Impairs blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle. Results in atrial dysrhythmias and thrombus formation.
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mitral stenosis
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If left untreated, this can result in pulmonary hypertension, edema, and right ventricular failure
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mitral stenosis
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inadequate gas exchage
(PaO2<50, PaCO2>50, pH<7.25) |
acute respiratory failure
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causes of acute respiratory failure
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inadequate ventilation or O2 exchange; can be combination of both
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occurs frequently in patients who are mechanically ventilated in ICU
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acute respiratory failure
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treatment for acute respiratory failure
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immunomodulators, anitbiotics
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water in lungs
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pulmonary edema
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causes of pulmonary edema
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heart disease, left heart failure, injury to capillaries, obstruction of lymphatic system
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manifestations of pulmonary edema
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dyspnea, hypoxemia, crackles on inspiration, frothy sputum, increased PaCO2
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treatment for pulmonary edema
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get rid of fluid then treat cause
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passage of a foreign substance into the lungs
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aspiration
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Alterations in swallowing result in _____.
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aspiration
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Aspiration will quickly turn into _____ if left without antibiotics.
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pneumonia
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collapse of the lung tissue
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atelectasis
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Cough, dyspnea, fever, and increased WBC count are all manifestations of what disorder?
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atelectasis
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What is the preventative treatment for atelectasis?
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deep breathing exercises and turning patients who are bed bound
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inflammatory obstruction of the bronchioles (occurs mostly in children)
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bronchiolitis
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Bronchiolitis is usually preceded by a _____.
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URI (upper respiratory infection)
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How is bronchiolitis treated?
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antibiotics
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persistant dilation of the bronchi from another disease process
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bronchiectasis
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Large volumes of sputum, recurrent infections and decreased vital capacity are all manifestations of what disease?
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bronchiectasis
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presence of air or gas in the pleural space
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pneumothorax
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What kind of pneumothorax occurs from a penetrating wound through the chest to the pleural space?
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open pneumothorax
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What kind of pneumothorax occurs when an open wound draws airs into the pleural space during inspirtation but prevents air escape?
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tension pneumothorax
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With tension pneumothorax, as more air enters, tension builds and what two things can be displaced?
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heart and mediastium
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Severe hypoxemia, dyspnea, decreased BP and HR are all manifestations of what type of pneumothorax?
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tension
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What is treatment for tension pneumothorax?
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needle decompression to chest tube placement
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What type of pneumothorax occurs unexpectedly in healthy individuals (usually men 20-40 years old)?
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spontaneous pneumothorax
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What structure is formed and then ruptures in spontaneous pneumothorax?
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bleb
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Sudden pain, increased respiratory rate, dyspnea, and decreased breath sounds are manifestations of what type of pneumothorax?
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spontaneous
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fluid in the pleural space (can also cause compression atelectasis like pneumothorax)
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pleural effusion
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infection of the pleural space
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empyema
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What is treatment for empyema?
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antibiotics and thoracentesis
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inflammation of the pleura (preceded by URI)
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pleurisy
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What are symptoms of pleurisy?
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fever, pain, chills
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Treatment for pleurisy?
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antibiotics
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circumscribed area of pus and destruction of lung tissue
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abscess
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What is likely to occur with lung abscess?
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necrosis of tissue
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What is the most common cause of lung abscess?
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pneumonia caused by aspiration
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treatment for lung abscess
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antibiotics, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy
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too much connective tissue surrounding the lung
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pulmonary fibrosis
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What can occur with healing after other diseases and can cause lung compliance?
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pulmonary fibrosis
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Manifestations of pulmonary fibrosis result from _____.
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hypoxemia
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Treatment for pulmonary fibrosis is ______. _____ is key!
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difficult, Prevention
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The fracture of consecutive ribs in more than one space; Chest wall is unstable, impairing gas exchange.
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flail chest
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Pain, dyspnea and unequal chest expansion are manifestations of ____.
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flail chest
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What is treatment for flail chest?
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mechanical ventilation until healing can occur
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caused by injury to the lung resulting in lung inflammation and diffuse capillary injury
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ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
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Rapid breathing, hypoxemia, decreased blood pressure and death are manifestations of ____.
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ARDS
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What is treatment for ARDS?
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mechanical ventilation, prophylactic immunotherapy, antibiotics
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chronic inflammatory disorder (can occur in all ages)
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asthma
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In what disorder does inflammation result in hyper-responsiveness of the airways?
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asthma
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What disorder can be allergic in nature or exercised induced?
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asthma
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What is asymptomatic during remission periods?
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asthma
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During attacks, dyspnea, bronchospasm, wheezing, cough, and increased RR/HR are all signs of _____?
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asthma
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What is the treatment for asthma?
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avoid allergens and irritants, exercise with caution, inhalers, immunotherapy
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pathologic lung changes consistant with emphysema
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COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
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What is caused primarily by cigarette smoke and is irreversible?
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COPD
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Treatment for COPD is similar to the management of what other disease?
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asthma
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permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways that result in obstruction
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emphysema
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What is the most common cause of emphysema?
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cigarette smoking
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acute infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasites
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pneumonia
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6th leading cause of death in the U.S.
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pneumonia
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Old age, lung disease, alcoholism, and smoking all increase the risk for _____.
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pneumonia
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What two ways can pneumonia be acquired?
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community acquired or hospital acquired
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fever, chills, cough, malaise, pleural effusion, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and increased WBC count are manifestations of _______.
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pneumonia
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What is treatment for pneumonia?
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indentify the pathogen and give antibiotics
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What is transmitted by droplets from one person to another?
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Tuberculosis
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What can be asyptomatic or manifest fatigue, weight loss, night sweats or low grade temp?
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tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis is treated with ____ for 6-12 months.
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antibiotics
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occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary bed by an embolus (blood, fat, air)
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pulmonary embolism
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What is the most common cause of a pulmonary embolism?
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DVT (deep vein thrombosis) in the leg
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Incresed HR/RR, dyspnea, anxiety, shock, hypotension and death are manifestations of ______.
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pulmonary embolism
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What is treatment for a pulmonary embolism?
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blood gas analysis, VQ scan, D-dimer test, CT scan, anticoagulant therapy
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High BP in the pulmonary arteries
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pulmonary hypertension
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What level of pulmonary hypertension may be genetic, usually occurs in women, and has a poor prognosis?
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primary
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What level of pulmonary hypertension occurs with pulmonary or cardiac disorder and can be reversed if causative condition is treated?
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secondary
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What disease is seen early on CXR or EKG with enlarged right ventricle, fatigue, chest pain, increased HR, dyspnea with exercise and a tricuspid murmur?
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pulmonary hypertension
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What is the only cure for pulmonary hypertension?
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heart/lung transplant
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pulmonary-heart disease caused by pulmonary hypertension creating pressure on the right ventricle, leading to right ventricle failure
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cor pulmonale
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The manifestations and treatment for cor pulmonale are the same as _____ _____.
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pulmonary hypertension
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