- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease =
|
*interference* of air flow *through airways*
|
|
things that influence air flow:
(3) |
1. diameter of airways
2. turbulence (usually at bifurcation) 3. weakness of muscles |
|
Q =
|
dPpi R / 8nl
check |
|
problems with expiration after many years =>
(2) |
1. **inc. Residual Volume**
2. barrel chest as lungs don't deflate as much |
|
FEV1: should be able to expire:
|
80% of air that you hold (after max Inspiration) in one second
|
|
obstruction =>
|
dec. FEV1
|
|
Asthma =
|
chronic inflammation of airways
|
|
asthma =>
|
swelling/constriction of airways
|
|
in first 5 minutes of asthma attack, mast cells degranulate, releasing:
|
histamine, cytokines
cytokines attract leukocytes, including eosinophils => inflammation |
|
histamine =
|
bronchoconstrictor
|
|
aspirin inactivates cox2, =>
|
dec. inflammation
|
|
after 5 minutes of asthma attack, granules release:
|
LAM's
|
|
LAM's attract:
(2) |
1. eosinophils
2. WBC's |
|
long-term after asthma attack: eosinophil-derived cytokines cause:
|
inflammation
|
|
5 signs of inflammation:
|
1. dolor
2. chalor 3. rubor 4. turgor 5. loss of function |
|
dolor =
|
pain
|
|
chalor =
|
heat
|
|
rubor =
|
redness
|
|
turgor =
|
swelling/tightness
|
|
asthma causes:
(5) |
1. broncho-constriction
2. mucus plug formation 3. H/H of SM of bronchi 4. loss of bronchi epithilium 5. inc. vascular permeability/edema |
|
result of H/H of SM of bronchi =
|
dec. diameter of airways
|
|
result of loss of epithelium =
(2) |
1. bleeding
2.exposure of CT => inc. infections |
|
hemoptysis =
|
coughing of blood, due to loss of epethilium
(found in severe asthma cases) |
|
2 kinds of asthma:
|
1. Allergic/Extrinsic (high antiB's)
2. Non-allergic - occurs in the morning, regularly |
|
symptoms of asthma:
(6) |
1. cough
2. wheezing 3. dyspnea 4. tachycardia 5. inc. RR, not able to carry on speech 6. pulsus paradoxis |
|
pulsus paradoxis =
|
inc. of >10 mm HG in *BP* between insp. and expiration
|
|
how can you tell it's asthma?
(2) |
1. spirometry
2. give bronchodilator inhalant |
|
how can you tell it's asthma by giving the inhaler?
|
if it's asthma, you see an inc. in FEV1 of 15%
|
|
management of asthma:
(3) |
1. inhaler
2. anti-inflammatories 3. strong anti-inflammatories daily, + inhaler |
|
the bronchodilator of inhalers =
|
**B-receptor agonist**
- mimics EPI |
|
Chronic Bronchitis =
|
***cough w/ sputum***
|
|
sputem =
|
thick spit from mucus secretion
|
|
purulent sputem =
|
sputem with pus
~ severe infection |
|
90% of Chronic Bronchitis is caused by
|
smoking
|
|
characteristics of CB:
(3) |
1. ***enlargements of seromucus glands***
2. H/H of SM 3. loss of epithelium |
|
loss of epithelium => replaced with scar tissue =>
|
dec. compliance
|
|
symptoms of CB:
(4) |
1. coughing
2. wheezing 3. dyspnea 4. low FEV1 (<70) |
|
treatments for CB:
(2) |
1. stop smoking
2. AB's |
|
CB can come and go in
|
cycles
|
|
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease =
|
**airflow obstruction** due to Chronic Bronchitis OR emphysema OR both
|
|
emphysema =
|
wholesale destruction of groups of alveoli and the lung tissue associated with it
|
|
loss of alveoli =>
(2) |
1. loss of caps
2. dec. SA for air exchange |
|
emphysema doesn't affect the bronchioles, b/c
|
the lung is **very compliant** in emphysema,
due to lots of space due to loss of alveoli (but recoil not as good => problem expiring) |
|
loss of elastic tissue =>
|
loss of recoil => trouble breathing
|
|
one cannot _____ COPD;
|
cure;
can only treat it |
|
symptoms of COPD:
(3) |
1. coughing with sputem
2. dyspnea 3. pain in chest |
|
treatment for COPD:
(1) |
O2 tank
|
|
Bronchiectasis =
|
**inflammation** of medium-size airways;
genetic or from infection |
|
what happens in Bronchiectasis?
(2) |
1. medium-sized airways **lose elasticity**
2. loss of cilia, epi => bacterial infection |
|
treatment of BEX:
(2) |
1. aggressive AB's, cycled
2. postural PT |
|
bronchoectasis results in _______, which inhibits _________, leading to ___________
|
***dyskinesia***
the cilia; infection |
|
what is the MAP of the pulmonary side?
|
14
|
|
what is the MAP of the systemic side?
|
92
|
|
CO of pulm =
|
CO of sys
|
|
LA pressure = 8
|
RA pressure = 2
|
|
perfusion pressure = PLA - PRA =
|
pressure available to drive blood through the pulmonary system
|
|
perfusion pressure of the pulmonary side =
|
6 mm HG
|
|
perfusion pressure of the systemic side =
|
90
|
|
characteristics of the pulmonary system:
(2) |
1. lower Pressure
2. lower Resistance |
|
because the pressure of pulmonary is 10% of systemic, the Resistance is
|
*also* 10%
|
|
what causes lower R of pulmonary system?
(3) |
1. much less musculature/much more compliant
2. distention (relaxation when blood enters) 3. recruitment/accommodation of blood flow when you lie down |
|
when pulm. MAP is >25 mm HG, ________ occurs
|
PHTN
|
|
if pulm. *capillary* pressure is > 25, ______________ occurs
|
pulm edema
|
|
if Q of pulm > Q of sys, ________ occurs
|
*PHTN*
(when Qpulm = 1.5Q sys) |
|
left to right shunting of blood occurs as a result of: ________________;
__________________________________ |
septal defects;
septal defects cause shunts |
|
e.g. PDA:
|
ductus arteriosis fails to close after bith
|
|
DA connects
|
aorta to pulm arteries
|
