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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the effects of digoxin?
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increase contractility (block Na/K pump, higher Ca in cell)
decrease HR (stimulate parasympathetic) |
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what are the indications for digoxin?
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congestive heart failure
atrial fibrillation |
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what is atenolol?
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beta-1 (cardio) selective antagonist
decreases HR and SV therefore CO |
|
what are the 4 conditions for diagnosing HTN?
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1. >140/90 on 5th visit w/o organ damage
2. >160/100 on 3rd visit w/o organ damage 3. 140/85 on 2nd visit w/ diabetes or organ damage 4. hypertensive emergency (>180/110 on 2nd visit w/o organ damage) |
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is hyperaldosteronism related to primary or secondary HTN?
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secondary!
|
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is peripheral vascular disease a cause or effect of HTN?
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effect!
|
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what are 5 clues indicating secondary HTN?
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1. extremes of age
2. occurs abruptly 3. atypical response to therapy 4. renal failure 5. hypokalemia/hypercalcemia |
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fatigue is a side effect of which HTN medication?
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beta-blockers
|
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what happens in smooth muscle cell contraction?
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Ca2+ binds to Calmodulin activating MLCK which phosporlyates MLC leading to contraction
|
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what is nifedipine?
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calcium blocker in smooth muscle cells (decreases contraction)
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what is the fast sodium channel in myocardial cells?
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Na goes into the cell in phase 0 to depolarize it
(line goes straight up) |
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what is the transient outward current in myocardial cells?
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K goes out of cell in phase 1
(line comes down slightly) |
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what is the slow inward current in myocardial cells?
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Ca goes into cell in phase 2
(line plateaus) |
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what is the delayed rectifier current in myocardial cells?
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K goes out of cell (slightly)in phase 2 - plateau
|
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what is the inward rectifier in myocardial cells?
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K goes out of cell in phase 3
(line comes all the way down) stays active in phase 4 (flat at bottom) |
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what is slow inward current in pacemaker cells?
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Ca moves into cells (depolarizes them) in phase 0
|
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what is delayed rectifier in pacemaker cells?
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K moves out of cells in phase 3 (repolarization)
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what is funny current in pacemaker cells?
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Na moves into cells slowly in phase 4
|
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what is first degree heart block?
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long PR interval
|
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what is second degree heart block type I?
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aka Wenckebach
increasing PR intervals |
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what is second degree heart block type II?
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P waves are randomly blocked
|
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what is third degree heart block?
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no P waves are conducted to the ventricles
|
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what does atrial fibrillation look like?
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random stuff with QRS complexes every now and then
|
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what is atrial flutter/what does it look like?
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regular P waves, but more than QRS complexes
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what is junctional rhythm?
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pacemaker is the AV node
P waves are before, during or after QRS complexes |
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what is PVC?
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premature ventricular contraction
QRS is wide, interrupting between normal beats |
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what does ventricular tachycardia look like?
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tall wide QRS complexes, with nothing else in between
|
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what does ventricular fibrillation look like?
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wobbly waves, no QRS
|
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what is idioventricular rhythm?
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ventricular ectopic pacemaker
|
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what is torsades de pointes?
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deadly form of ventricular tachycardia
QRS's change in amplitude and direction with each beat |
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what is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?
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there is an accessory pathway through the R atrium for the electrical pulse (bundle of Kent)
ventricle contracts early/PR interval is short |
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what anti-arrhythmic drug has increased mortality with a previous MI?
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class Ic/Na blockers
propafenone, flecainide |
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what are class I anti-arrhythmics?
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Na channel blockers
(class Ia quinidine class Ib lidocaine class Ic flecainide) |
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what are class II anti-arrhythmics?
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beta-blockers
(propanolol) decrease HR, CC |
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what are class III anti-arrhythmics?
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K channel blockers
amiodarone, __tilide increase refractory period |
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what are class IV anti-arrhythmics?
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Ca channel blockers
verapamil, diltiazem slow pacemaker, increase refractory period |
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what class gives nervous system dysfunction?
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class I
(tingling, numbness) |
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what is the indication for adenosine?
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re-entry arrhythmia
(increases refractory period of AV nodal cells) shuts down AV node for ~10 s |
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what is variant angina?
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anginal discomfort that develops at rest due to coronary artery spasm
|
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what is stable angina?
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anginal discomfort only on exertion
|
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when is the inflammation stage of MI and what is it characterized by?
|
12 hrs - 5 days
PMN infiltration myocytes without nuclei |
