Cardiorespiratory Exam 4 - Pig & Small Ruminant Only

50-60%

1. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
2. PRRS

1. Movement between facilities
2. Weaning
3. Environment: changes in climate, temperature fluctuations, inadequate ventilation
4. Changes in diet

decreases in feed efficiency and growth

1. reduced bone synthesis
2. mild, regressive form of AR
3. allows Pasteurella multocida type D to colonize

none - PmD is the big one

< 6 weeks

type D

1. Bordatella bronchiseptica infection
2. high ammonia
3. cytomegalovirus infection

all ages

permanent bone resorption (atrophic rhinitis)

weaning to grower age, continuing through finishing

AR

at the level of the 1st or 2nd premolar ("at the commissures of the smile")

ventral scrolls

- tetracycline in feed
- Ceftiofur 14 days

- Bordatella bacterin
- Pasteurella multocida type D with bacterin and TOXOID

- dams 2-3 weeks prior to farrowing
- new pigs prior to entering nursery and then 2-3 weeks later

medicated early weaning

Culture, immunofluorescence, PCR

group A influenza viruses: H1N1, H2N2

1. influenza A viruses of other species
2. Pasteurella multocida type A
3. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
4. Haemophilus parasuis

fall/winter

- rapidly spreading, sudden, short incubation
- high morbidity, low mortality

- high fever, off feed, reluctance to rise and move (muscular weakness)
- coughing, thumps, nasal and ocular discharge
- abortions are possible

- viral pattern, but overshadowed by secondary bacterial pneumonia, which causes a cranioventral consolidation
- copious, frothy to purulent exudate in the airways

- exudative bronchiolitis
- interstitial pneumonia
- "Broncho interstitial pneumonia)

1. VI in embryonated eggs
2. HI serology

1. a/b for secondary infections (feed, water, parenteral)
- NSAIDs - Banamine, aspirin

yes

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

- initial exposure from dam to piglet
- nursery to grower age groups show the initial signs

Pasteurella multocida type A

immunosuppressive effect of the alveolar macrophages

stress: dust, ammonia, movement, overcrowding, weather changes

reduced weight gain and feed efficiency (INCREASED DAYS TO MARKET; > 205)

- clearly demarcated, firm lesions with a cranioventral pattern:
a. gray, shrunken (depressed below normal lung surface) lesions are CHRONIC
B. plum-colored lesions (swollen above level of normal lung) are ACTIVE

1. lymphoid hyperplasia
2. perivascular and peribronchiolar cuffing

1. FA test
2. culture (consider false negatives)

1. lincomycin
2. tetracyclines
3. Tiamulin
4. tylosin

piglets 1-3 weeks

1. vaccination
2. medicated early weaning

Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae

nursery/grower: 6-20 week

carriers, by coughing

initial or stress-related

co-infections, such as Mycoplasma

1. peracute: sudden death, usually with bloody nasal discharge
2. acute: severe respiratory distress, febrile, reluctance to move, 30-60% morbidity with very high mortality (pigs die unless treated)
3. chronic: unthrifty, thumping pigs

a blood clot, lesions extend deep into the parenchyma

diaphragmatic lobes

pleural/pericardial fluids

encapsulated abscesses and fibrinous pleuritis

1. interlobular infiltration of mononuclear cells and edema
2. intravascular fibrinous thrombi (due to endotoxin)
3. "streaming a swirling" of macrophages within the interlobular septa

1. high dose penicillin
2. Ceftiofur
3. tetracycline
- need injection initially, along with a/b in feed or water

1. tetracycline
2. tilmicosin

1. long-acting penicillin
2. tetracycline

variable protection

strict isolation and serological testing of new arrivals

P. multocida type A

neonates

the incidence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection

nasopharynx

- uneven growth
- productive cough exacerbated by forced movement
- poor response to treatment

1. bronchopneumonia
2. pleuritis

inject

1. tetracycline
2. parenteral LA-200
3. florfenicol (IN FEED OR WATER)
4. tilmicosin in feed

questionable

Arterivirus

1. neonates to market hogs experience respiratory syndrome, especially nursery pigs
2. sows and breeding age gilts- reproductive syndrome

Virus is shed in semen, oral and nasal secretions, urine, and feces and can cross the placenta in the third trimester

parenteral (biting, fighting, injections)

-microscopic-multifocal to diffuse interstitial pneumonitis characterized by thickening of alveolar septa by many large macrophages.

-gross-cranial, middle and diaphragmatic lobes affected, secondary bacterial infection is common. Lymphadenopathy

Nursery and growers

1. Supportive therapy
2. Antibiotics to control 2° invaders

1. Minimize herd introductions
2. ↑ Biosecurity
3. off site weaning

used as a quick fix. Should not be used if trying to eradicate PRRS from the herd as natural infection produces a sterile immunity where as vaccination does not.

PCV2a, PCV2b

Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD)

oronasal contact with feces, urine or infected pig. Virus is shed in respiratory, oral, and urinary secretions as well as feces.

I. PRRS greatest risk of disease development
ii Parvovirus
iii. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
iv. Immunomodulation – vaccination, especially with adjuvanted vaccines – oil and water.

a. Multisystemic syndrome – wasting and progressive weight loss, lethargy, dark colored diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, and paleness and jaundice. Dyspnea, tachypnea, anemia, diarrhea, and jaundice

fail to collapse, mottled and tan

- intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
- Lymphoid depletion

support, treat 2ndary infections

1) Housing – inadequate ventilation and build up of moisture and noxious gases.
2) Weaning
3) Shipping
4) Hypothermia and starvation
5) Vit. E and Se deficiency in lambs and kids

Mannheimia

be careful when restraining as stress of restraint may result in death. (open mouth breathing, view from behind)

Larvae are deposited during the summer and larvae remain in the sinuses for 2 to 10 months producing a mucopurulent nasal discharge.

avermectins

Parainfluenza 3 (pneumonia due to Mannheimia)

Vaccinate ewes with IBR/PI3 intranasal vaccine 3 weeks prior to parturition to provide colostral immunity

- Lentiviridae (RNA retrovirus)
- SLOW (3 year) incubation period

- thickening of interlobular septa and lymphoid hyperplasia
- lymphoproliferative pneumonia, meningeal arteritis with encephalitis, non-suppurative arthritis, and lymphocytic mastitis.

OPP/Maedi-Visna

lungs are firm and don't collapse

aerosols or by ingestion of feces or viral infected lymphocytes in the colostrum or milk

separate infected from non-infected; test new additions using serological screening

neurologic disease in kids and arthritic disease in adults.

chronic interstitial pneumonia in adults that results in secondary bacterial invaders. Often times these goats will have signs of arthritis. Carpus or tarsus are often involved.

via colostrum and milk. There is some horizontal transmission via contact with infected goats.

pasteurized colostrum and milk and separated from infected adults

This virus is similar to OPP and will cause lymphocytic mastitis observed as hard firm udders that produce little to no milk. Should consider this agent in any goat with chronic wasting disease

2 metres (in Canada); 6.56167979 feet in the US

otitis media

Mannheimia haemolytica in sheep and M haemolytica and P. multocida in goats

cranioventral consolidation of the lung field with variable amounts of pleural fluid and fibrinous adhesions

tilmicosin

Sulfas and Tetracyclines, Florfenicol

Mycoplasma: M. ovipneumoniae, M capricolum, ***M mycoides subsp. mycoides

kids

1. encephalitis
2. joint infection

unpasteurized milk

ear mites

Tylosin or LA 200 (initially do IV and give slowly)

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

external in goats and internal in sheep

chronic weight loss in sheep and goats, enlargement of external lymph nodes. May have a chronic non-responsive cough due to pulmonary abscess and enlargement of mediastinal nodes. Chronic pneumonia with clinical signs of dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and weight loss.

abscesses within lymph nodes and lung, concentric configuration, greenish in color

Serological testing available, Hemolysis Synergistic Inhibition Test , ELISA, AGID

Organism is spread through wounds during shearing and dipping of animals in vats for parasite control

don’t open abscesses in common use areas. Organism survives in the environment for months

Vaccine is available (can have anaphylactic reaction if they are already infected; vaccinate before 2 mos; doesn’t prevent infection, just prevents abscesses)

a) Animals 2 to 18 months of age are most susceptible
b) Most outbreaks occur during cool seasons

Benzimidazoles and avermectins

verminous pneumonia