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When referring to the interfaces/ports on a Cisco 2960 switch, the number before the / is always a:
0 (zero)
Cisco supports two major types of switch operating systems:
Internetwork
Operating System (IOS) and Catalyst Operating System (Cat OS)
Most Cisco Catalyst switch series today run only this operating system:
Cisco IOS. BUT, for some historical reasons, some of the high end Cisco LAN switches support both Cisco IOS and Cat OS.
The term “IOS based switch” refers to _____, and not Cat OS.
Cisco IOS
Cisco uses the term ____ to refer to 6500 switches that use Cat OS and the term ____ to refer to 6500 switches that use Cisco IOS.
Hybrid, Native
Learn 2960 Switch LEDs from pictures, page 203.
Learn 2960 Switch LEDs from pictures, page 203.
SPEED port LED modes (three):
Dark LED meaning 10 Mbps

Solid green light meaning
100 Mbps

Flashing green meaning 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps)
The switch CLI can be accessed through three popular methods:
Console
Telnet
Secure Shell (SSH)
For Telnet and SSH users to access enable mode directly after establishing the session, either
an enable password must be configured OR the privilege level 15 command must be set on vty
The default console port settings on a switch are as follows (For setting up Hyperterminal):
1. 9600 bits/second
2. No hardware flow control
3. 8 bit ASCII
4. No stop bits
5. 1 parity bit
• The last three parameters are referred to collectively as “8N1.”
What is the security risk with using Telnet?
Telnet sends all data (including any username and password for login to the switch) as clear text data, which presents a potential security risk.
Compare SSH to Telnet
Secure Shell (SSH) does the same thing as Telnet, but in a more secure manner by using encryption.
What is this mode?

Router>
User EXEC mode
What is this mode?

Router#
Privileged EXEC mode
What is this mode?

Router(config)#
Global Configuration mode
What is this mode?

Router(config-if)#
Interface Configuration mode
What is this mode?

Router(config-subif)#
Subinterface Configuration mode
What is this mode?

>
ROM monitor
How do you get into ROM monitor mode?
From privileged EXEC mode, used the "reload" command. Press the break key during the first 60 seconds while the system is booting
How is a console connection made from a PC to a switch/monitor?
A PC connects to the console port using a UTP rollover cable, which is also connected to the PC’s serial port. The RJ 45 connector snaps into the console port and the DB 9 connector connects to the laptop.
By default, a switch only allows _____ access, but no ____ or ____ access.
By default, a switch only allows console access, but no Telnet or SSH access.
Switches support how many concurrent Telnet sessions?
16
How are Telnet sessions references on a Cisco device?
They are referenced as virtual terminal (vty) lines 0 through 15
Why is SSH more difficult to setup than Telnet?
SSH uses public key cryptography to exchange a shared session key. SSH requires slightly better login security, requiring at least a password and a username.
What do you call commands that can be used in either user (EXEC) mode or enable (EXEC) mode?
EXEC commands
By default, Telnet and SSH cannot enter enable (privileged) mode until what?
No Telnet/SSH enable mode until an enable password has been set.
What type of connected user can enter enable (privileged) mode without the enable password having been set?
A console user
How many previous commands will the Cisco IOS store by default?
10 commands
What is the "terminal monitor" command for?
Allows any remote user to view log messages
How do you turn off debug commands?
Manually turn off any active debugging options, or reload the device, which turns all debugs to off.
How do you manually turn off a debug command?
put "no" in front of previous command
What is the purpose of User mode?
It lets you issue nondisruptive commands and display some information.
Commands entered in configuration mode update what file?
the active configuration file
What are Context setting commands?
The commands that take you from one mode to another.

Ex. - enable, configure terminal, interface
Differentiate Global, Major and Subcommands
Global Commands - Ones that make changes to the entire Router. "Look At Car"

Major Commands - These allow parts of the Router to be configured. "Look At Tires" - front drivers side tire is flat.


Subcommands - Do the actual work of configuring Router parts. "Change Tire" - getting out jack, changing tire.
What type of command is used in the context (interface f/0)
Subcommand. Specifically, an "interface subcommand"
What are the four main types of memory found in Cisco switches/routers?
RAM
ROM
Flash Memory
NVRAM
Describe RAM
sometimes called DRAM for Dynamic Random Access Memory, is used by the switch just as it used by any other computer: for working storage. The running (active) configuration is stored here.
Describe ROM
read only memory (ROM) stores a bootstrap (or boothelper) program that is loaded when the switch first powers on. This bootstrap program then finds the full Cisco ISO image and manages the processing of loading Cisco IOS into RAM, at which point Cisco IOS takes over operation of the switch.
Describe Flash Memory
either a chip inside the switch or a removable memory card, Flash memory stores fully functional Cisco IOS images and is the default location where the switch gets its Cisco IOS at boot time. Flash memory also can be used to store any other files, including backup copies of configuration files.
Describe NVRAM
Nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) stores the initial or startup configuration file that is used when the switch is first powered on and when the switch is reloaded.
Where is the startup-config stored?
NVRAM
Where is the running-config stored?
RAM
What is the startup-config?
Stores the initial configuration used any time the device reloads Cisco IOS
What is the running-config?
Stores the currently used configuration commands. This file changes dynamically when someone enters commands in configuration mode
What is the copy command typically used for?
"Copy" can be used to copy files in a switch, most typically a configuration file or a new version of Cisco IOS Software.
What always happens when using the copy command?
The copy command always replaces the existing file when the file is copied into NVRAM or a TFTP server; it acts as if the destination file was erased and the new file completely replaced the old one.
When the copy command copies a configuration file into the running config file in RAM, what happens?
the configuration file in RAM is not replaced, but merged instead.
What is Cisco IFS?
the name of the file system created by Cisco IOS to manage files.
What is the running-config alternative name?
system:running-config
What are the startup-config alternative names?
nvram:
nvram:startup-config
Explain Setup mode
Setup mode leads a switch administrator to a basic switch configuration by using questions that prompt the administrator for basic configuration parameters. We don't use setup mode because it's for rookies and it sucks.
You can return to the console without terminating your telnet connection by using the following key strokes:
"ctrl + shift + 6" and then press "x".
The ______ command shows you connections made from your router to remote devices
"show sessions"

*** The "*" next to a connection means it was your last connection made ***
The _____ command shows all active console and vty ports.
"show users"
______ command lets you disconnect from a particular telent connection.
"disconnect <connection>"
To allow a router to use a DNS server use the following three commands:
1) "ip domain-lookup" global exec mode

2) "ip name-server <ip of dns server>"

3) "ip domain-name <domain name>" appends domain name to host name
The _____ command shows you the DNS cache.
"show hosts"
When telnetting you need to use the _______ command in order to see debugging info.
"terminal monitor"