ch. 15

the ability of the body to react
with myriad foreign substances

Specificity and Memory

-Lymphocyte development and differentiation
-The presentation of antigens
-The challenge of B and T lymphocytes by antigens
-B lymphocytes and the production and activities of antibodies
-T lymphocyte responses

activate macrophages and help activate TCcells

assist B-cell processes

lead to the destruction of infected host
cells and other “foreign” cells

code for markers that display unique
characteristics of self

code for immune regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendriticcells, and B cells; and are involved in presenting antigens to T cells during cooperative immune reactions

encode proteins involved with the complement system

a substance that provokes an immune response in specific lymphocytes

the property of behaving as an antigen

Lymphocyte recognizes and responds to only a portion of the antigen molecule

another term for an antigen

small foreign molecules that consist of only a determinant group

cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others

bacterial toxins, potent stimuli for T cells

antigens that evoke allergic reactions

cells that act upon and formally present antigens to lymphocytes

Engulf the antigen and modify it so it is more immunogenic and recognizable

Stimulates the primary growth and activation of many types of T cells

Stimulate various activities of B cells

the capacityof certain T cells to kill a
specific target cell

-Virally infected cells
-Cancer cells
-Cells from other animals and humans

-Related to T cells
-Lack specificity for antigens
-Circulate through the spleen, blood, and lungs
-Probably the first killer cells to attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells

Vaccination

-Contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors
-Processing concentrates the antibodies to increase potency and eliminates potential pathogens
-Method of choice for preventing measles and hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in immunodeficient patients
-Injected intramuscularly
-Protection lasts 2-3 months

-Derived from a more defined group of donors
-Serum is obtained from patients who are in a hyperimmune state after infections (ex. pertussis, tetanus, chickenpox, hepatitis B)
-Contain higher titers of specific antibodies from a smaller pool of patients than ISG

Can be used when a human immune globulin is not available

Example: sera produced in horses for diphtheria, botulism, and spider and snake bites

exposing a person to material
that is antigenic but not pathogenic

-Collective immunity through mass immunization confers indirect protection on the nonimmune
members
-Important force in preventing epidemics