ch. 2 cell bio

electrons in outer most shell

# of protons

# of protons and neutrons

6.022 x 10^23

atoms share a pair of electrons.

occurs between atoms whose outer shells aren't full

atoms are stable when they have 8 electrons in outer most shell

measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons in a bond with another atom.

2 atoms with different electronegativites form this bond. (shared electrons) (difference in electric charge across molecule)

shared electrons are closer to atom with higher electronegativity.

molecules with lots of polar bonds..

similar electronegativites (shared electrons)

hydrogen atom from polar molecule becomes attracted to electronegative atom

molecules that facilitate biological chemical reactions.

since electron path random, short-lived electrical attraction can spring up

between cation and anion (+1 charge and -1 charge)

single electron in outer shell, atom can steal electrons from other atoms to become more stable.

substances dissolved in a liquid

liquid in which solute is dissolved

solutes dissolve in a solvent to create this...

solutions made with water

molecules with ionic/ polar covalent bonds are "water loving"

molecules that have no partial charges are "water fearing"

ex. oil and water

molecules that have both polar/ ionic regions and nonpolar regions.

when mixed with water, may aggregate into spheres called micelles (polar parts at the surface and nonpolar parts on the inside)

the heat required to vaporize 1 mole of any substance at its boiling point under standard pressure.

amt of heat energy that must be withdrawn or released from a substance to cause it to change from the liquid to the solid state.

a property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of solute molecules

a chemical reaction that utilizes water to break apart molecules

a chemical reaction in which 2 or more molecules are combined into one larger molecule by covalent bonding, with the loss of a small molecule.

a type of condensation reaction in which a water molecule is lost.

the amt of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C.

the ability of like molecules to noncovalently bind to each other, the attraction of water molecules for each other.

the ability of 2 different substances to cling to each other, the ability of water to be attracted to, and thereby adhere to, a surface thats not electrically neutral.