CH. 8 Physical devel in preschool years

6 yrs- 46lbs and 46 inches.
-Individual differences b/w boys and girls weight increase in preschool years. Boys - taller heavier.
-Differences in height and weight in economically factors, Incomes below poverty usually shorter

Shape, grow more slender at 6. Proportions similat to adult shape.
Muscles increase, bones stronger.
Sense organs continue- eustachian tube- carries sound from external ear to inner part, moves position to angular- increasing earaches in preschool.

Brain grows fastest.
At 2- 3/4 size and weight of adults.
5- 90% average adult brain weight ( total body only weights 30 % of adult )

Increase in interconections amonge cells allow for more complex communication between neurons and permit rapid growth of cognitive skills.
-MYLEIN- fatty insulation that covers parts of neurons, increase speed of trasmissions of cog abilities AND HELPS DEVELOP MORE SOPHISTICATED FINE AND GROSS MOTOR SKILLS.

nerve fibers tgat cibbect tge two hemisphers of the brain becomes thicker , 800 milllion individual fibers that coordinate brain functioning between left and right hemi.
*Malnourished - delays in brain devel, less mylein to protect their nerurons.

two halves of brain become more specialized and differentiated.
-Lateralization- process in which certain functions are located in more in one hemi than in the other becomes pronounced in PRESCHOOL

concentrates on tasks necessitate verbal competance, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoining.
Considers info sequentially, one piece at a time

nonverbal strenghts such as cpmprehension of spatioal relationships, recognition of patterns, drawing music and emotional expression.
Processes in more global manner, reflecting on it as a whole

Some specialization but the two are interdependent.
differences are minnor
each hemi can preform most tasks of the other .
ex- right hemi does some language processing which is importatn in language comprehension.

hemi that specializes in specific type of info is damaged - other will take up slack.
EX- brain damage to left side ( verbal processing) and initally loose lang capabilioties the linguistic defects are often not permanent. Right side compensates substantially for damage.

individual diff in lateralization. 10 % left handed/ ambidexterous have language centered in right brain or have NO specific lang center.

Jap- process vowel in left hemi. north south american- process vowels in right

boys primary in specilization in left. Girls more equally divided. why girls devel language at more rapid pace

severe male brain- good at sorting world but poor understanding others and emotions . lang defects.

Neuroscience disovered periods during childhood where brain shows unusual growth spurts linked to advances in cog abilities.
Measured by electrical abilitys.
unusual spurt between 1 1/2 - 2 when lang abilities increase dramatically.

attention and concetraiton mylenation complete by 5.
Mylenation of hippocampus assoicated with memory complete by preschool.

devel of brain permits improvements in sense. Brain maturation - better control of eye movements and focus.. Still preschool - unable to scan groupins of small letters required to read small print .
6 years - effectivly fous and scan.

see figure in terms of parts , not until middle childhood 7 -8 : look at figure in terms or overall organization.

3- 4 : focus inside 2 dimensions, concentration on details and ignorning perimiter.
4-5 look at surronding boundaries,
6-7 look systematicall outside with less scanning inside = greater awareness of overall organization of figure.

sharpness of hearing, improves. hearing is more fully developed by start of preschool than vision.

defects in ability to isolate specific sounds, when many are heard simultaneously. accounts for why some preschools are easily distacted by competing sounds in group classrooms.

20 -30 % preschooler take more than an hour to fall asleep.
10 - 505 ages 3- 5 have night mates- vivid bad dreams, occuring towards morning when repeatlyy causing child anxiety during waking hours it is a problem.
Night terrors- intense physiological arousal causes child to awaken in panic , not easily condofted and cannot remember having a bad dream. Following morning dont recall anything .
Less frequent 1 - 5 %

common cold most freq and often most severe illness in preschool.

FROM INJURY

bc rate of growth is slower, need less food to maintain growth.

20 % above average weight .
increasing in preschool.
strategies : variety of foods avaliable, low in fat and high in nutrition adn high iron- iron is IMPORTANT iron deficinancy - anemia causes chronic fatigue is ne prevalent problem. dark veggies whole grain meat broc = high iron

benefits: build up immunity
understand body better
cope better with more severe diseases.
empathy- put in someone elses shoes and be sympathetic, caretakers

Cultual - child rearing is collective US less health care bc child is responsibility of parents.
-Leukimia- most freq- blood marrow produces too many white blood cells, severe anemia, death. Now, >70% survive.
Aids- children shunned by others, typically contracted from motheres are disrupted by moms death. Drugs that reduce prenatal transmission responsible for decline.

2-4 : Anxiety - seperation from paretns.
Preschoolers- desertation or rejection by family, results in fear of dark or hospital staff.

Antidepressants grown increasingly -quick fix to "normal growing up behavs." Stimulants

Greatest risk in preschoolers. < 10 yrs 2xs likely to die of injury.
result of high activity level, curiosity and lack of judgement
Boys higher risk takers and more active
ethnic- asian closley supervised least #
poverty- 2xs more likely
burns, drowning, suffocation auo accidents poison in household cleaners

painted walls window frames, gas, ceramics, pipes dust and water air pollution adn auto and truck trafic most risk to children under 6 yrs.
poor child most risk
Exposure - perm harm, lower interlegence in verbal and audiotry processing, hyperactivity, distractibiltiy.
High levels lead- antisocial, agression, deliquency, and death

Adults need to concentrate on injury control vs preventing accidents - which implues a random act which no one is at fault. never leave unattended in bath tub, car seats, helmets, lock up meds and cleaners.

us- 5 child killed by parents everday
child abuse- the physical or psychological maltreatment or neglect .

regardless of SES
most freq in stressful house hold poverty single parent mrital conflict
Stepfathers more likley abuse step children
more likely with violence b/w spouses

Fussy, resistant to control, not easily adapted to new situation.
headache, stomache ache, bedwetting, anxiety, developmental delays
Most common in 2-4 yrs and 15- 17
Neglect is most frequent form of abuse

do not mean to harm child - show regret after.
Vague line b/w abuse and punishment.
Privacy of child rearing
adults high expacttions of child abilities at too young of ages.

abuse and neglect as a child predisposes then to abuse as adults - stats : Only 1/3 abuse own children. 2/3 dont - suffering as a child not an indicator

parents harm childs behav, cog, emotional or physical funct. intimate harass , remind them they are burdens. whish never born. threaten. exploit, work ,

ingnore their chid / emotionally unresponsive to them . give child unrealistic responsibilities and left to fend for themselves. Most occur in privacy of home and cause no physical damage and is hard to identify.
Profound neglect- unsupervised un cared for most freq form of maltreatment.

low self esteem, lying, misbeh, underachieve in school, criminal agreesion, murder depressed, suicide.
- because brains go through permanent damage from buse. reductions in size of amglagada and hippocampus. over exxcitation of limbic sys- involves regulation of memory, emotion leads to antisocial in adulthood
Some resilent*

30,000 die every day from preventable cause.
2mil mostly girls - commercial sex industrys
-ability to overcome situations for high risk psychological or physical damage .

resistent children have temperments that evoke positive responses from variety of care givers.
affecionate, easy going, easily soothed. Sucessful bc draw out behaviors in others necessary for their own developement.
In older child- socially pleasent, outgoing good communication skills, independent, believe they can shape their own fate not on others or luck.

WE need to increase competance teach ways to deal.
need one caring adult teaches problem solving skills, help communicate to those who can help them

3- jumping ,hopping one foot, skipping, running. Cant stop suddenly or quick.
4- gained more control of skill throw a ball so friend can catch it and
5 toss a ring on a peg 5 feet away, bike, climb latters.

advances in gross motor related to brainand mylentaion of neurons related to BALANCE AND COORDINATION .
spend great deal of time practicing bc activity level is higher at 3 than any age. Agility.
genetics and envior determine activity level - temperments and culture view of what is appropriate

bc of variations in muscle strength.
Boys > girls , boys throw and jump better and more active
Girls > boys in corrdination of arms and legs , jumping jacks age 5 and balanceing on one foot.
Social factors- games demed for boys and girls by society are practiced more by that gender whom become more efficient. GROWTH IN FINE ADN GROSS SIGNIFICANT

using fork and spoon, scissors, tying shoe, playing piano.
devel patterns:Age 3:undo clothes in bathromm, simple jigsaw puzzle, blocks into matching holes. not much polish - may try to force into wrong wholes. draws circle and squares.
4- fold paper into triangle, print their name. X, pour,
5- hold and use pencil correctly , copies letters, 2 short words

brazelton- wait till child shows readiness,
John rosemond - quick and early.
age of toilet training is rising.
Current support - brazelton : no sinle time to begin but when child is ready .
no bladder control until 12 months and slight control 18 months
signs of ready- staying dry during day , waking from nap dry, regual bowel ( bowel before bladder control ) ability to follwo directions, get to bathroom undress aloone , discomfort with soiled diapers, desire to wear underpants, asking for toilet.
Show strong signs of resistance - put off training
3/4 boys unable to stay dry until 5
if child is upset or ridiculed for incomplete training - rewards or awakened when they wet bed are effective treatments.

prefrence for use of one hand over another Age 7 months : ot no pref until end of preschool age 5
90% right
more boys than girls Left
Michalangelo, da vinci, franklin, picasso, lefties

fine motor skills .
Learn importance of planning , restraint adn self correction
Gardner- unformed art of preschoolers is equal to linguistic babbling in infants
Stages: scribbling- not random categorized of 20 distinct line and zigszags.
Shape size- age3 squares and circles X and plus signs
Design stage : combines more than one shape into complex
pictorial - finally, recongnizable real world
Representational art - depiction of real world objects strongly encouraged by adults but disadvantage is it takes focus away from form and design.