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Chemical substances secreted by cells into the intracellular fluids, that regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body.
Hormones
Although the bloodborne hormones circulate to all the organs of the body, a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs.
Target Cells or Target Hormones
Diffuse through the plasma membranes of their target cells, enters the nucleus, binds to a specific receptor, and specific sites on cell's DNA, activates RNA.
Steroidal Hormones
Protein and peptide hormones, unable to enter target cells and instead bind to receptors situated on on the target cell's plasma membrane.
Nonsteroidal Hormones
Chief means of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormones. Hormone secretion is triggered by some internal or external stimulus, rising hormones inhibit further release.
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Major Endocrine Organs (list)
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus glands, the pancreas, and gonads, and hypothalamus.
Some glands are purely endocrine.
Anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and parathyroid.
Pancreas and gonads are
Mixed glands, both endocrine and exocrine
Both types of glands are formed from epithelial tissue, but the endocrine glands are
Ductless glands
Nitrostat
prevents angina pectoris
Generic name: nitroglycerin
Size of a grape, surrounded by turk's saddle in the brain by the inferior surface of the hypothalamus.
Pituitary Gland
Prolactin, growth hormones, FSH, Thyrotropic, ACTH are released by
Anterior pituitary
Stimulate their target organs to secrete their hormones, which in turn exert their effects on other body organs and tissues.
Tropic Hormones
Pituitary glands are
1. all proteins 2. act through second messenger systems 3. are regulated by hormonal stimuli and negative feedback
General metabolic hormone, growth of skeletal muscles and long bones, causes amino acids to built into proteins, fats to be broken into energy, maintains blood sugar.
Growth Hormone (GH)
Protein hormone similar to GH, only target is the breast, after childbirth it stimulates and forms milk in females, not known in males.
Prolactin (PRL)
Pro = for
lact = milk
Adrenocorticotrpic (ACTH)
Regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland.
Influences the growth and activity of thyroid gland.
Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyrotropic Hormone (TH)
Regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads.
Gonadotropic Hormones
In females, stimulates follicle development in the ovaries, when matured they produce estrogen and ready eggs. In males, simulates sperm growth.
Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)
Triggers ovulation of an egg from ovary and causes ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormones (ACTH)
Regulates activity of adrenal cortex.
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
influences growth and activity of thyroid gland
gonadotropic hormone
regulates hormonal activity of gonads
hormones of posterior pituitary
oxytocin, ADH
oxytocin
stimulates contractions of uterus, milk ejections, labor; stops postpartum bleeding
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
inhibits urine production; causes kidneys to reabsorb water; increases blood pressure
thyroid hormone
controls rate glucose is burned; converts to body heat and chem energy; impt for growth and dev of reproductive and NS
calcitonin
decreases blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
increases blood calcium levels; stimulates kidneys & intestines to absorb more calcium; breaks down bones
helps body resist long-term stressors; increases blood glucose levels; controls effects of inflammation from edema
glucocorticoids
produced in small amounts; males=androgens; females=estrogen
sex hormones
stimulates by sympathetic NS; increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels and dilates lung passageways
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
insulin, glucagon
hormones of pancreatic islets
released by beta cells when hi levels of blood glucose; takes glucose out of blood to be used by cells
insulin
released by alpha cells when low levels of blood glucose; stimulates break down of glyogen to glucose to be released in blood
glucagon
"sleep trigger"; established day-night cycle; regulates mating in animals; coordinates hormone fertility in humans; prevents maturing of reprod. sys. before adult body size
melatonin
thymosin
programs T-lymphocytes (in immune system)
menstrual cycle; quiets uterus muscles during pregnancy; prepares for lactation
progesterone
stimulates development of secondary characteristics in females; prepares uterus for fertilization; menstrual cycle; maintains pregnancy and milk production
estrogen
produces and secretes mainly progesterone (and some estrogen)
corpus luteum
hormones of the testes
androgens (i.e. testosterone)
stimulated by LH; causes development of male sex characteristics; stimulates male sex drive
testosterone
effects of hyposecretion of testosterone
sterility in males
controls rate glucose is burned; converts to body heat and chem energy; impt for growth and dev of reproductive and NS
thyroid hormone
in throat below Adam's apple
thyroid gland
regulates mineral levels in blood; kidney is target organ; stimulated by humoral factors
mineralcorticoids
prevents aldosterone release
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
hormones of adrenal medulla
Adrenal Gland
top of kidneys