Ch.1

spatial science

Physical and human components (physical landscape and human landscape)

1. Multi-Disciplinary Analysis
2. Spatial Perspective

-location
-direction
-adjacency
-connectivity
-elevation/depth
-slope
-diffusion
-dispersion
-orientation
-direction
-movement
-size
-shape
-scale

- Scaled geographies: Nature, place, and the politics of scale
-Ethnic segregation: Measurement, causes, and consequences
-Spatial analysis and modeling for the school district planning problem
-Population crises: from the global to the local
-The emerging geographies of cyberspace
-Geographies of power in the post-cold-war world system
-The geographical dimensions of terrorism
-Race and globablization

- Spatial process: CAUSE; explaining, understanding
-Spatial pattern: EFFECT; locating, describing

physician (M.D.)

helped understand cholera in London in 1854

located pattern of water pumps and cholera deaths

Absolute
Relative

Size and scale are important

Large scale shows small area in more detail

Small scale shows large area in less detail

built roads and houses

Distance decay

Spatial diffusion: spread; depends on population densities, communication methods, transportation systems

Spatial distribution: density, degree of dispersion

Pattern: linear, circular

-location
-spatial extent
-boundaries
-hierarchial arrangement

Formal: administrative or politically defined

Functional: area where a region's activities occur

Perceptional: only exists in our mind

Map of a theme (ex. doctors/ population, cholera outbreaks)

physical and cultural landscape

Changes size according to variations in theme

Each dot represents a certain number

Connects equal points of value with lines

Shading to represent values

Places are sized according to the value of the theme, rather than their actual size (ex. population)

Numbers or percentages are put right on the map

Only exist in our mind; perceptional region

-terrain models
-network
-utilities
-lots/ownership
-zones/districts
-base mapping

-4D map techniques for wildlife management
-risk assessment
-helps police fight crimes

1. Attribute
- date
- name (sampling)
- vegetation type
- quantity
- water body name

2. Spatial (non- attribute)
- location
- extent (time 1)
- extent (time 2)
- origin (distance)

No because it isn't able to do spatial analysis

The natural elements, systems, and environments of the earth

The human elements, systems, and activities that constitute human use or modification of the physical landscape

The position of a place according to some precise system of coordinates

The physical and cultural characteristics and attributes of the place itself, as well as its position with respect to other places and their characteristics

The movement of people, ideas and goods within areas or between them

1. Distance Decay
2. Gravity Model
3. Law of Retail Gravitation

Waldo Tobler (1930)
- came up with 1st law of geography: everything is related, but near things are more related than distant things

As distance increases, interaction decreases

Reduction in flow or movement between places with increasing distance

Henry Carey (1793-1879)

IAB = (Population A x Population B) / (distance A to B)^2

As P increases, I increases
As D increases, I decreases

William Riley (1899-1970)

Breaking Point (BP) = (Distance from A to B)/ (1 + (square root of population B/ population A))

- Near things are favored more than far things

-Migrant (crosses country)/ Mover (stays within country)

- Favors one direction over another

- The presence or absence of connecting channels which affects the likelihood that spatial interaction will occur

1. Distance Biase
2. Direction Biase
3. Network Biase

1. Branching Network
2. Circuit Network
3. Hierarchy Network
4. Paul Revere's Ride Network
5. Traveling Salesman Network

- low maintenance costs b/c not all places are connected

-low builder costs

-high user costs b/c it is difficult to get from one place to another

- connection to all points

-lowest user costs

- highest maintenance and builder costs

- best connection between a central node and each other place

- best path between a beginning point and all other points

- best network for a cycle around the points

The area people move within during their regular activities

1. Space- Time Prism
-people are interested in where we go and how far we are willing to travel

2. Critical Distance
- There's a certain distance we don't mind traveling before the time and distance begins to influence us (horizontal line at beginning of distance decay model)

3. Personal Communication Field
- factors: age, gender, income, education, location, etc.

The permanent relocation of residence and activity space

1. Chronic, low-level events
- global warming, pollution, water toxicity

2. High-consequence, low-probably events
- tornado, meteors, hurricane, flood, etc.

3. Human Reactions (Impact on Population)

1. say it won't happen

2. just happened so won't happen again soon

3. likelihood of personally being affected is low

4. in poor countries, people don't have options to move

5. many hazard zones are scenic places to live

6. b/c people have an investment in that area (friends, relatives, home, etc)

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Permanent relocation of individuals that occurs with in a country's boundaries

Permanent relocation of individuals that crosses an international boundary

- we're spreading out

-high growth communities account for population growth

-financial consequences

-people leave behind underutilized structures

-lengthening of service routes for police, fire, etc. as people move out to these areas

-environmental/social consequences (air pollution, more runoff into water ways)

-fragmentation of wildlife habitats

-social cost of leaving poor and elderly in the cities

- they impact our economy

-if we kicked out all illegal immigrants from the US, goods would be more expensive (fruits, veggies, meat, etc.)

-some undocumented immigrants take jobs away from US citizens

- need health-care, schooling for their children (which is picked up by tax payers)