ch.13 urinary system

protein

bacteria

bladder or sac

thirst

glomerulus (little ball)

sugar

ketone bodies

stone

opening

kidney

basin

pus

ureter

urethra

urine

two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine

outer part of the kidney (cortex = bark)

indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave

inner part of the kidney

ducts that carry urine fromthenephrons to the renal pelvis (kalyx = cup of a flower)

microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised fo kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine

little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron

the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus

the stem portion of the nephron

the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kidney

point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter

sac that holds the urine

single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body

opening in the urethra to the outside of the body

fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products

waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine

waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine

presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise

absence of urine formation

inability to pass urine

presence of bacteria in the urine

painful urination

involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control

presence of blood in the urine

involuntary discharge of urine or feces

presence of ketone bodies in the urine

acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation

urination at night

scanty production of urine

bedwetting during sleep

involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, or strained exercise

presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection

retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction

form of nephritis involving the glomerulus

pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys casued by an obstructed outflow of urine

inflammation of the kidney

inflammation of the renal pelvis

degenerative disease of the renal tubules

presence of a renal stone or stones

inflammation of the bladder

inflammation of the urethra

inflammation of the urethra and bladder

narrowed condition of the urethra

invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure

examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope

removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination

x-ray studies commonly used in urology

x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, and so on

abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a scout film before doing an IVP

plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging (e.g., a KUB before an IVP)

x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery

x-ray of the ureters, bladder, and kidney taken after contrast medium is administered backward through a small catheter through a cystoscope to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, and so on

x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination

ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder

physical, chemical, and mmicroscopic examination of urine

measure of the concentration or dilution of urine

measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine

chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; used most often to screen for diabetes

chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine

chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates fats are being used by the body isntead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or in an uncontrolled diabetic state

chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden)

chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease

chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine - increased amounts seen in gallbladder and liver disease

chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine

microscopic identification of abnormal constituents present in the urine (e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts); reported per high or low power field (hpf or lpf)

isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified along with drugs to which they are sensitive

blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea

use of specialized endoscopes (e.g., resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stoneretrieval, placement of a stent, and so on

urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate

method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electircal energy discharges transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones

incision into the kidney

chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates fats are being used by the body isntead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or in an uncontrolled diabetic state

chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden)

chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease

chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine - increased amounts seen in gallbladder and liver disease

chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine

microscopic identification of abnormal constituents present in the urine (e.g., red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts); reported per high or low power field (hpf or lpf)

isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified along with drugs to which they are sensitive

blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea

test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood, useful in assessing kidney function

test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine

measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys

use of specialized endoscopes (e.g., resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stoneretrieval, placement of a stent, and so on

urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate

incision into the kidney

presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection

retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction

form of nephritis involving the glomerulus

pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys casued by an obstructed outflow of urine

inflammation of the kidney

inflammation of the renal pelvis

degenerative disease of the renal tubules

presence of a renal stone or stones

inflammation of the bladder

inflammation of the urethra

inflammation of the urethra and bladder

narrowed condition of the urethra

invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure

suture of an injured kidney

incision into the kidney for the removal of stones

excision of a kidney

surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis

use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes (e.g., an obstructed ureter)

transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another

creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer

removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen - urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag)

an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine which diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall - a valve is created internally to prevent leakage and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization

bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding

procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder

methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure

method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine (hemodialyzer)

method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles

drug that relieves pain

drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

drug that relieves spasm

drug that increases the secretion of urine