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101 Cards in this Set

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A plant embryo encased in a hard, protective shell.
spore
A plant embryo and a food supply encased in a hard outer shell.
seed
The food supply found inside a seed.
endosperm
Veins that allow food and water to be transported long distances.
vascular tissue
Vascular tissue is composed of these two things.
xylem and phloem
This divison of plants are the most primitive land plants and are limited to living in moist areas.
Bryophytes (mosses)
These plants were the first to have vascular tissues, allowing them to grow taller.
Pterophytes (ferns)
These plants lack vascualar tissue, reproduce with spores, and their sperm must travel through a thin film of water to reach the egg.
Brophytes (mosses)
Although these plants also have vascular tissue, they reproduce with seeds, which allows the plants to put down roots before they emerge from the ground for photosynthesis.
Gymnosperms (conifers, cone-bearing plants)
Water sticking to itself.
cohesion
Water sticking to other objects
adhesion
These plants cannot grow more than 2 cm tall since they must rely on the slow process of diffusion to transport water throughout themselves.
Bryophytes (mosses)
A protective case for the sperm that prevents them from drying up and allows them to travel from plant to plant in the wind.
Pollen
This division of plants were the first plants to have pollen.
Gymnosperms (conifers, cone-bearing plants)
These plants are identified by having needle-like leaves and they bear their seeds in cones.
Gymnosperms (conifers, cone-bearing plants)
These plants are the most successful plants on Earth today and protect their seeds with fruit.
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Cedar trees, pine trees, hemlocks, spruce, and firs are all _________________.
Gymnosperms (conifers, cone-bearing plants)
These plants have vascular tissue, reproduce with seeds, and protect their sperm in the form of pollen. They are also animal pollinated.
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
What is the purpose of the flower on angiosperms?
To attract polinaters.
Two main characteristics that identify these plants are broad, flat leaves and fruit and flowers (at some point during the year).
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
The evaporation of water out of plants.
Transpiration
Openings on the leaves of plants through which water evaporates.
Stomata (singular, stoma)
Cells around each stoma which control whether it is opened or not.
guard cells
This process describes the alternation of plants between diploid and haploid forms/generations.
Alternation of Generations
The gametophyte generation of the plant is _______ (describes the # of chromosomes).
Haploid
The sporophyte generation of a plant is ________ (describes the # of chromosomes).
Diploid
Plants in the sporophyte generation produce ________.
spores
Plants in the gametophyte generation produce __________.
gametes
Give two differences between spores and gametes.
1 - Spores can become a new plant all by themselves.
2 - Spores have tough, resistant coats.
Mitosis _________ the # of chromosomes the _________, but meiosis _________ the #.
keeps, same, halves
An example of a bryophyte other than a moss.
Liverwort
The dominant generation in pterophytes is _____________.
sporophyte
A baby fern is known as a _____________.
fiddlehead
Gymnosperms produce their seeds on ________.
cones
An example of Chinese gymnosperm with only one species is the __________.
ginkgo
Where are the eggs found on a fern?
On the back of the fronds.
Female cones contain __________ while male cones contain _________.
ovules (which make eggs), pollen (which make sperm)
The dominant generation of a bryophyte is ___________.
gametophyte
The dominant generation of a gymnosperm is ______________.
sporophyte
Angiosperms are in Division "Anthophyta", which literally means __________.
flower plant
The dominant generation of angiosperms is _______________.
sporophyte
Where do angiosperms develop their seeds?
Inside their fruit.
Monocots have embryos with only one ___________.
cotyledon (a seed leaf)
Dicots have flowers with either ____ - part symmetry or _____ - part symmetry.
4, 5
The leaf veins of a monocot are ___________.
parallel
Dicots have _______ cotyledons.
2
Monocots have a flower with _____ - part symmetry.
3
The leaf veins of dicots are ________.
netlike/branching
All the petals of a flower make up the ___________.
corolla
Green, leaf-like structures circling underneath the petals. Before blooming, they make up the bud of the flower.
sepals
All of the sepals of a flower make up the _________.
calyx
The calyx and the corolla together make up the
perianth
The ________ is the male reproductive structure of a flower.
stamen
The ________ is the female reproductive structure of a flower.
pistil
Another name for the pistil is the _________.
carpel
The stamen is made up of the ______ and the _______.
anther, filament
The anthers of a stamen make the _________ which contains the plant's __________.
pollen, sperm
The three parts of the carpel are the ________, __________, and _________.
stigma, style, ovary
Why does the stigma of the flower look sticky?
The stigma is sticky to allow the pollen to stick to it.
The ovary makes _______, which contains the plant's _________.
ovules, eggs
What is the first step of angiosperm reproduction?
pollination
How does the sperm from the pollen grain reach the ovary after it has landed on the stigma of the plant?
The pollen grain grows a pollen tube, which extends through the style down to the ovary, and sends sperm through it.
How many sperm are sent down the pollen tube into an ovule and why?
2 sperm are sent down the pollen tube; one to fertilize the egg inside an ovule, the second fertilizes the diploid central cell of the ovule.
What does the diploid central cell become after it is fertilized by a sperm and has grown?
It becomes the endosperm of the seed.
What are the two parts of a seed?
The endosperm and the embryo.
What does the ovary of the plant become after a seed is produced?
A fruit
What is the purpose of a fruit in relation to the seeds?
The fruit both protects the seeds and aids their dispersal.
____________ is when the seed is released from the fruit and begins to develop into a new plant.
Germination
Give 4 advantages of using seeds to reproduce.
1 - Seeds provide a protective coat for the embryo.
2 - Seeds provide the embryo with endosperm (which is a food supply).
3 - Seeds usually have adaptations that help to spread them around (so all the same plants don't grow in the same area).
4 - Seed plants do not need water for fertilization.
How does the sperm reach the egg in conifers?
The wind blows the pollen grains to the female cones, which have eggs.
How does the sperm reach the egg in angiosperms?
The sperm inside the pollen grain travels to the pistil through insects and other animal pollinators.
Growth responses that cause parts of a plant to grow towards or away from a stimulus are called _____________.
tropisms
Plants that grow towards water are exhibiting ___________.
hydrotropism
When a plant grows towards a stimulus, it is known as a _________ tropism.
positive
A plant's response to chemicals is known as _______________.
chemotropism
When a plant grows away from a stimulus, it is known as a _________ tropism.
negative
A plant hormone that causes cell elongation is known as __________.
auxin
A plant's response to light is known as _____________.
phototropism
A plant's response to gravity is known as ___________.
geotropism/gravitropism
When a plant detects day length to time seasonal activities, it is displaying ____________.
photoperiodism
What do plants use to detect day length?
Pigments called pytochromes.
A plant's response to touch is known as ______________.
thigmotropism
_________ is a hormone that stimulates fruit ripening in a plant and causes leaves to drop.
etylene
In roots, auxins cause roots to ____________.
bend down
A chemical that hardens the plant's cell walls is known as ________.
lignin
Roots and leaves of a plant are to the heart and the lungs of a human. Therefore, roots and leaves of a plant are ____________.
organs (of a plant)
The xylem transports things ________.
upwards
The phloem transports things _____________.
down
The xylem transports _______ and _______________ upwards from the roots into the shoots.
water, dissolved minerals
The phloem transports __________ made in the leaves down to the roots and other parts of the plant.
food
The 2 parts of an embryo that become the stem are __________ and _____________.
The epicotyl and the hypocotyl.
The part of the embryo that becomes the roots is the _________.
radicle
The plant structure underneath the sepals is known as _____________.
The pedicel
Which layer of a plant's leaves absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis?
The palisade mesophyll (layer).
The _____________________ has spaces in between to allow for gas exchange.
spongy mesophyll (layer)
The ________ of a plant is right underneath the cuticle.
epidermis
Another function of the spongy mesophyll cells is to:
cushion the vein, which contains xylem and phloem.
A plant hormone that can cause a plant to grow very tall and spindly when encountered in excess is called _______________.
gibberellins
What would the environment outside a plant have to be like in order to cause a plant to flex it's guard cells and open it's stomata?
humid
Why would the guard cells close the stomata in dry conditoins?
To prevent water loss.