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22 Cards in this Set
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Allele (alleles) vs. gene/trait
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alleles are alternative versions of a gene. traits are variants for a character
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ex: Aa are alleles. Traits include white and purple flowers |
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Trait
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each variant for a character
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purple or white flowers for flower color of peas |
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homozygous/ true-breeding
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when true-breeding plants self-pollinate, all their offspring are the same variety
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plant with purple flowers has children that are all purple |
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hybridization
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mating/crossing of 2 true-breeding parents
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short and tall bugs mate |
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P generation (parental generation)
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different true breeding parents in hybridization
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purple and white flowers |
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F1 generation (1st filial generation)
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hybrid offspring of P generation
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all purple flowers |
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F2 generation (2nd filial generation)
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products of F1 hybrids self-pollinating
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3/4 were white flowers and 1/4 were purple |
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dominant allele
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determines the organism's appearance
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purple flower is dominant |
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recessive allele
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no noticeable affect on the organism's appearance
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white flower is recessive |
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Punnett square
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diagrammatic device for predicting allele composition of offspring from parents
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2 x 2 box |
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Heterozygous
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organism with 2 different alleles for a gene
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Bb |
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Phenotype v. genotype
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phenotype is the physical trait of an organism. genotype is its genetic makeup
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genotypes PP and Pp have the same phenotype- purple |
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testcross
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breeding of a recessive homozygote w/ an organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype. used to find genotype of dominant
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used by mendel on peas |
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monohybrids v dihybrids
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monohybrids are heterozygous of 1 character. dihybrids are heterozygous of 2 characters
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monohybrids- Aa dihybrids- AaBb |
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pedigree
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family tree describing interrelationships of parents and children across the generations
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Kate Middleton has a humble pedigree |
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polygenic inheritance
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combined effect of at least 2 genes on a single phenotypic character
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AABBCC is a very dark person |
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wild type
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normal/dominant phenotype for a character
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brown fur |
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linked genes
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genes located on the same chromosome and are inherited together in genetic crosses
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thousands of genes in a single chromosome |
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parental type
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when phenotype of offspring matches their parents
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purple children to purple parents |
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recombinant types
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when phenotype of offspring is different from their parents
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white children to purple parents |
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sex-linked gene
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gene located on a sex chromosome
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why only male fruit flies can have white eyes |
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barr body
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when inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object called a barr body and only activated in ovaries
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heterozygous female will express 1 allele in half her cells and the other allele in the other half |
