Chapter 15: European Civilization, 1871 -1914: Society and Culture

French Nation Assembly banning guilds (early labor unions)

prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers

Union of skilled workers in same trade
- most developed in England
- introduced by Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1851
- policy: take union out of politics and concentrate on advancing interests of separate trade and be reasonable w/ employer

Started/introduced "new model" unionism

joining in one union of all workers in one industry regardless of skill or job of individual worker
[1880s-1890s]

formed in 1900 - effort between trade unions and intellects
labor unions led the labour party (so less socialist)

held union financially responsible for business loss incurred by an employer during strike

written by Karl Marx

international communist organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing political groups and trade union organizations that were based on the working class and class struggle.

in England
Idea that there was no need for class conflict and gradual and reasonable measures would come in time

idea that class conflict might not be absolutely inevitable but that capitalism might be gradually transformed into the worker's interest and obtain their ends through democratic ways

idea that the workers' unions might themselves become the supreme authoritative institutions in society, replacing the government

against revisionists - believed they were working w/ the enemy (bourgeois)

led suffragette movement (very radical)

wrote origin of species and came up with the idea of evolution and survival of the fittest
Controversial!

applied the ideas of the struggle for existence to human society.
used doctrine to show superiority

scientists who discovered how heredity operates and hybridization

study of physical and cultural characteristics of all branches of humankind

science of human behavior

famous experiment w/ dog salivate when they hear a bell

called condition reponses

founded psychoanalysis
explored the unconscious mind
revealed the wide areas of human behavior outside of conscious control

theory of relativity, nuclear physics, atom

discovered radioactivity

discovered energy released in quantum

1913: drew an atom w/ protons, electrons and neutrons

acknowledgment of ignorance

popularized agnosticism and both supported Darwinian evolution

unsystematic, radical thinker
thought that Christian values were weak and more respect for courage, intellect, beauty of character
argued humans driven by instinct rather than reason

realistic literature that dealt with current events (prostitution, strikes)
had troubled characters
some experiment with language

art movement in the 1870s-1880s
represented every day life through color and light

increasingly abstract forms and surprising colors

Cezanne

very abstract forms, splash of color

Pablo Picasso, George Braque

wrote Life of Jesus
discussed the miracles of Jesus as a myth

wrote Jesus, Origins of Christianity and Life in Ancient Israel
gave secular explanations

effort to defend literal world of Bible and usually deny science findings

accepted science and interpreted Bible as an allegory

writes Syllabus of Errors (1864) - denounces faith in science, progress, liberalism

1870 - unconditional acceptance of papal jurisdiction over national tendencies that existed

papacy recognized Italian State and Italy creates Vatican City which makes the papacy independent

1891 Leo XIII issued Catholic social doctrine
Upheld private property as natural right and found fault w/ capitalism.
declared socialism was Catholic in principle but also criticized it for being materialistic and antireligious

founded Zionism and organized first Zionist congress in 1897
wanted a Jewish State

toleration, constitutional ism, laissez faire, free trade and international economic system

written by List
argued that free trade as a system gave an advantage to GB and that no country could be strong if it was an agrarian supplier of unfinished goods

nations strengthen themselves through tariff, trade competition w/ no regard to other nations

wrote Reflections on Violence: declared violence a good thing
[leads to fascism]