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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pulmonary disease is often caused by?
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alteration in the lung or heart.
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what are some things that lung disease can be influenced by?
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conditions of the environment, occupation, and personal and social habits.
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dyspnea is
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the subjective sensation of the uncomfortable breathing, the feeling of being unable to get enough air.
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some of pulmonary disease signs and symptoms include
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cough and dyspnea, chest pain, abnormal sputum, hemoptysis, and altered breathing patterns, cyanosis and fever.
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diffuse or focal pulmonary disease can be caused by
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dyspnea
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other things that can cause dyspnea are
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disturbances of ventilation, gas excange, or ventilation-perfusion relationships, increased work of breathing or any disease that damages the lung tissue.
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signs of dyspea include
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flaring of the nostrils use of accessory muscles of respiration and retraction of the intercostal spaces.
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true or false dyspnea can become chronic
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true
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where does pulmonary congestion usually result from
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heart disease
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eupnea means
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normal breathing which is rhythmic and effortless.
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Kussmaul respiration ( hyperpnea)
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chracterized by a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volumes and no expiratory pause.
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cheyne-stokes respirations
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alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing. Apnea lasting from 15-60 seconds followed by ventilations that increase in volume .
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hypoventilation
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is an inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands
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when does hypoventilation occur
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when minute volume(tidal volume times respiratory rate) is reduced. it is caused by alterations in pulmonary mechanics or in the neurologic control of breathing
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hypercapnia
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paco2 more than 44mm Hg this results in respiratory acidosis that can affect the function of many tissues through out the body.
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what is the test that reveals hypoventilation
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blood gas analysis measurement of the paco2 of arterial blood
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hyperventilation
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is alveolar ventilation exceeding metabolic demands
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what happens during hyperventilation
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the lungs remove co2 faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism resulting in decreased paco2 or hypocapnia.
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cyanosis
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a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by increasing amount of desaturated or reduced hemoglobin in the blood.
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what is a reason cyanosis can be caused by
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decreased arterial oxygen low pao2 pulmonary or cardiac right to left shunts, decreased cardiac output, cold environment or anxiety
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