Chapter 5

The processes whereby we acquire and use knowledge

A flexible system of communication that uses sounds, rules gestures or symbols to convey information

The basic sounds that make up any language

The smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words,prefixes and suffixes

The language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within language.

A mental representation of a sensory experience.

A mental category for classifying objects, people, or experiences.

According to Rosch, a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept.

Whorf's idea that patterns of thinking are determined by the specific language one speaks.

The first step in solving a problem; it involves interpreting or defining the problem.

Thinking that meets the criteria of originality, inventiveness, and flexibility and is directed at generating many possible solutions.

Thinking that is directed toward one correct solution to a problem.

The tendency to perceive and to approach problems in certain ways

The tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object, thus interfering with the process of problem solving.

A step-by-step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution.

Rules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not guarantee a correct solution.

A rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluated on various criteria
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A heuristic by which a new situate is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model.

A heuristic by which a judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory.

The tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief.

The perspective from which we interpret information before making a decision.

The tendency to see outcomes as inevitable and predictable after we know the outcome.

Thinking about alternative realities and things that never happened.

A general term referring to the ability abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior.

Stember's theory that intelligence involves mental skills( analytical intelligence), insight and creative adaptability ( creative intelligence), and environmental responsiveness (practical intelligence).

Howard Gardener's theory that there is not one intelligence, but rather many intelligences, each of which is relatively independent of the others.

According to Goleman, a form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others, and how well they can regulate and manage their emotional behavior.

Test of intelligence, developed from Binet and Simon's original scale, which set the average intelligence quotient(IQ) at 100

A numerical value given to intelligence that is determined from the scores on an intelligence test on the basis of a score of 100 for average intelligence.

An individual intelligence test developed especially for adult; measures both verbal and performance abilities.

An individual intelligence test developed especially for school-aged children; measures verbal and performance abilities and also yields and overall IQ score.

Written intelligence tests administered by one examiner to many people at one time.P

Intelligence tests that minimize the use of language.

Intelligence tests designed to eliminate cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another

Ability of a test to produce consistent and stable scores.

A method of determining test reliability by dividing the test into two parts and checking the agreement of score on both parts.

Ability to a test to measure what it has been designed to measure.

Refers to test's having and adequate sample of questions measuring the skills or knowledge it is supposed to measure.

Validity of a test as measured by a comparison of the test score and independent measures of what the test is designed to measure.

Condition of significantly average intelligence accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive behavior.

Refers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership.

The ability to produce novel and socially valued ideas or objects.