Chapter 5 &6 key terms Sociology Flash Cards

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Title: Chapter 5 &6 key terms Sociology
Description: Sociology TCN key terms
Number of Cards: 57
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Author: pmprdmom27
Created: 2011-12-31
Tags: 5 chap key sociology terms
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • achieved status
    • a social position that an individual voluntarily occupies as a result of their effort or choice.
    • anomie
    • a condition or situation of normlessness in which society provides little moral and behavioral guidance to individuals
    • ascribed status
    • a social position that is acquired at birth or involuntarily acquired later in life
    • dramaturgical analysis
    • the study of everyday social interaction in theatrical terms.
    • ethnomethodology
    • the study of common-sense knowledge that people use to understand and organize their everyday surroundings and events
    • master status
    • a status that has exceptional importance in shaping a person's identity' a person's most salient social identity
    • nonverbal communication
    • communication with others that employs facial expressions, body movements , and gestures other than speech
    • presentation of self
    • the manipulation of one's role performance designed to create a particular impression.
    • role
    • the set of behavioral and attitudinal expectations that accompany a particular status.
    • role conflict
    • conflict between the roles associated with two or more statuses.
    • role exit
    • when someone disengages from an important social role
    • role expectation
    • society's or a group's expectation of the manner in which a role ought to be performed.
    • role performance
    • how a person actually behaves and acts in a role, in contrast to how the role is expected to be played.
    • role set
    • the different roles that are attached to a specific status.
    • role strain
    • tension among the roles linked to a single status.
    • self-fulfilling prophecy
    • a false or inaccurate label, belief, prediction, perception, or sterotype that evokes behavior, which then makes the originally false behavior come true.
    • social construction of reality
    • the process by which people's subjective definitions and interpretations of events shape their perceptions of reality.
    • social interaction
    • the process by which people act and react toward and with other people.
    • social structure
    • any relatively stable, recurring pattern of relationships that exists within a society.
    • status
    • a socially defined position that an individual occupies.
    • status set
    • all of the statuses a person occupies at a given time.
    • thomas theorem
    • The concept that situations that are defined as real are real in the consequences
    • Erving Goffman
    • Pioneered method of dramaturgical analysis to explain social interaction in theatrical terms.
    • Harold Garfinkel
    • Ethnomethodologist who theorized that social interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies,
    • aggregates
    • Collections of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time
    • anomie
    • An absence of moral guidance due to a loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society
    • bureaucracy
    • an organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchical authority, an impersonality in administration, and explicit written rules.
    • coercive organizations
    • Groups, such as prisions and mental hospitals, of which people become members involuntarily
    • conformity
    • behavior that complies with the norms of a group or society
    • dyad
    • a group composed of two people
    • expressive leadership
    • group-directed leadership that emphasizes the well being of the group and provides emotional support for its members.
    • formal organizations
    • largely, highly structured groups organized to achieve specific goals.
    • gemeinschaft
    • Preindustrial societies where social relationships are based upon the primary group ties of friendship, kinship, and intergenerational stability
    • gesellschaft
    • a large, urban, impersonal society characterized by little consensus on values and by specialized social bonds based upon individual self-interest.
    • goal displacement
    • the subordination of the stated goals of the organization in favor of continued survival of the organization or the oligarchy that runs the organization
    • groupthink
    • the tendency of the group members to conform to a decision that many individual members privately believe is ill-advised.
    • in-group
    • a group that commands loyaty and respect, typically from its members
    • instrumental leadership
    • goal directed leadership that emphisizes the completion of tasks
    • iron law of oligarchy
    • the tendancy of large bureaucratic organizations to be run by a small group of people
    • mechanical solidarity
    • a characteristic of preindustrial societies marked by a minimal division of labor, people united by tradition, shared social bonds, and shared values.
    • normative organizations
    • groups that people voluntarily join to persue a goal, cause, or value believed to be worthwhile, and which does not directly enable their personal material enrichment also called voluntary organizations or associations.
    • organic solidarity
    • the social bonds characteristic of industrial societies that are based upon specialization and interdependence that occur as the division of labor becomes increasingly extensive.
    • out-group
    • a scorned group towards which one feels opposition, competitiveness, and even digust
    • primary group
    • a small group of people who interact frequently with one another and share strong emotional ties.
    • reference group
    • a group taken as a basis of comparison for making evaluations and decisions about others and ourselves.
    • secondary group
    • an impersonal, and frequently larger, group whose members interact for the purpose of pursuing a shared goal or activity
    • Social group
    • two or more people engaged in sustained interaction with each other and who identify with one another.
    • Social Network
    • a web of ties between people within a society or large group.
    • Triad
    • A group consisting of three people.
    • Utilitarian organizations
    • groups joined voluntarily in pursuit of material rewards that will directly enrich the participant.
    • Amitai Etzioni
    • indentified the three types of formal organizations on the basis of purpose of participation
    • Emile Durkheim
    • Differentiated between preindustrial and industrial societies by using the terms mechanical and organic solidarity.
    • Ferdinand Tonnies
    • Used the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft to differentiate between social relationship in preindustrial and industrial societies.
    • Max Weber
    • Indentified the five key components of a bureaucratic organization and believed bureaucracy is important for capitalist economies
    • Robert Michels
    • Weberian student who used the iron law of oligarchy to explain bureaucracy rule by a small group
    • Solomon ash
    • Performed experiments with cards that showed people will conform to behavioral expectations of a group even if the group is wrong
    • Stanley Milgram
    • Performed shock experiments that showed people are willing to inflict harm on others when instructed to do so.