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population
group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
the study of populations in relation to environments Include environmental influences on population density and distribution. age, structure and variations in population
population ecology
population ecology
the study of populations in relation to environments Include environmental influences on population density and distribution. age, structure and variations in population
density
 The number of individuals per unit area or volume
population Dynamics is affected by
birth
death
emigration
immigration
dispersion
the pattern of spacing among individual within the boundaries of population
three major patterns of dispersion
clump
random
uniform
aggregate into patches
clump
pattern of dispersion dependent on resources
clump
dispersed evenly
Uniform Dispersal
pattern of dispersion characterized by territorialism
uniform dispersal
position of each individual is independent of
the other
random dispersal
found mostly in plants
random dispersal
most common pattern of dispersion
clump
the study of the
vital statics of a population and how they change over time
demography
demography
the study of the
vital statics of a population and how they change over time
the age specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
life table
life tables are best conducted by following the fate of a _____ from birth to death
cohort
The graphic way
of representing the data of a life table
survivorship curve
3 types of survivorship curves
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
as age increases life expectancy decreases
Type 1
)- No matter age life expectancy is constant
Type 2
produces many offspring's then dies
(survivorship) curve
Type 3
Type 1
as age increases life expectancy decreases
Type 2
)- No matter age life expectancy is constant
type 3
produces many offspring's then dies
(survivorship) curve
An age specific summary of the rate of reproduction
3. Reproductive Table or Fertility Schedule
______are products of natural selection
life history traits
Reflected in the development, physiology and behavior of organisms
life history traits
4 types of Reproductive Life history
Semelparity
Interoparity
annuals
perennials
Semelparity
produce a lot of eggs at one time then die
Interoparity
produces offspring repeatedly overtime
annuals
plants produce a large number of small seed
perennials
other types of produce a select number of large seeds that provide a large storage of E that will help seedlings become established
major contributers to demography
are death rates and birth rates
population growth rate equals
b-d (r)
ΔN/Δt=b-d=r
N=
population size
ΔN/Δt=b-d=r
t=
time
ΔN/Δt=b-d=r
b=
birth rate
ΔN/Δt=b-d=r
d=
death rate
ΔN/Δt=b-d=r
r=
population growth rate
(a) if r equals 0
population is not growing
(b) Birth rate = death rate
if r is greater than 0
positive population growth
(d) birth rate> death rate
if r is less than
negative population growth rate
birth rate<death rate
population increase
under ideal conditions
1.  
Exponential
growth rate
rate of reproduction is at is max called the
intrinsic rate of increase-rmax
dN/dt=(rmax) N
rmax=
intrinsic rate of increase-rmax
J-shaped curve
exponential growth rate
Characteristic of
some populations that are rebounding
exponential growth rate
growth rate that Cannot be sustained for long in any population
exponential growth rate
-       
the per capita of
increas declines as carrying capacity is reached
4. Logistical Growth Model
Carrying Capacity
(i)               
Maximum
population size the environment can support
dN/dt=r_max N((K-N)/K)
k=
carrying capacity
produces a sigmoidal (s-shaped) curve
Logistical Growth Model
a) Two types of factors that stunt a populations growth
density independent
density dependent
density independent
(a) Birth rate and death rate do not change with population density
example of density independent
weather
Negative feedback that affects population growth
density Dependent
Birth rates fall and death rates climb with population density
density Dependent
 list Density-dependent factors
Competition of Resource Territorialism
Health and Predication
Intrinsic factors
            
Stress hormones
that reduce reproduction rates
cortisol
The study of how
populations change over time
population dynamics
meta-populations
-       
populations
linked by immigration and emigration
Human population
growth has slowed after
centuries of exponential increase
a)              
to maintain
population stability a regional human population can exist in one of two
configurations
    
Zero population
growth= High birth rates- high death rates
  = Low birth rates- low death rates
demographic
transitioning from  High birth rates and high death rates
to low birth rates and low death rates
-       
Relative number
of individuals at each age
age structure
Rapidly growing
populations(ex.)    
  Large amount of population that is young
(Afghanistan)
Slow growing populations (ex.)
(i)               
An equal
distribution of population in each age range
Decreasing population growth (ex.)
(i)               
large number of
residence are middle aged with few young (Italy)
(1)             
Infant Mortality
and Life Expectancy
 Vary widely among developed and developing countries bud don not capture the wide range of the human condition
1.  
Global Carrying
Capacity
is relatively uncertain
(1)             
Is one measure of
how close we are to the carrying capacity of Earth\
ecological footprint
nation with the highest ecological footprint
usa