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1st law of thermodynamics
energy can be transformed and transferred, but it cannot be created or destroyed
2nd law of thermodynamics
every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
chemical work
endergonic (taking in energy) reactions resulting in the synthesis of polymers

energy is obtained from electrons through catabolism
transport work
pumping substances across membranes
mechanical work
movement of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes
ATP
adenosine triphosphate

ribose sugar+adenosine+3phosphates
substrate level phosphorylation
the addition of an inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

(glycolysis, krebs)
oxidative phosphorylation
the addition of a phosphate to ADP as a result of redox reactions at the ETC
photophosphorlyation
ATP is formed through a series of light-driven reactions
enzymes
proteins that decrease activation energy in order to speed up chemical reactions that would take place anyway
oxidoreductase
oxidation reduction reactions used in catabolic and anabolic pathways
transferase
transfer of a functional group
hydrolase
hydrolysis
lyase
removes atoms
isomerase
rearrangement of atoms within a molecule
ligase
joining of two molecules
parts of an enzyme
apoenzyme: protein portion
cofactor: non-protein portion

cofactor is either organic (coenzyme, ex NAD+) or inorganic (cofactor, ex Mg2+, Iron, etc)

apoenzyme+cofactor=holoenzyme
how enzymes lower activation energy
active site acts as template for reactants to come together in proper orientation

stresses the substrate to increase likelyhood of reaction

provides a favorable environment

participates directly in the reaction
competitive inhibitor
directly blocks the enzyme's active site, but does not denature

can be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate
noncompetitive inhibitors
change the shape of the enzyme

allosteric inhibitors: bind directly to piece of enzyme and contort its shape
allosteric recognition
any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site
feedback inhibition
a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway

ex: too much ATP, so ATP will prevent the production of more