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32 Cards in this Set

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What is the significance of fructose's low glycemic index?
Doesn't cause blood sugar to rise as much as sucrose. As a consequence, this may cause it to accumulate in the liver, leading to conversion into fats.
What are issues with fructose consumption?
1) Low glycemic index
2) Circumvents appetite signaling
3) Excess fructose may cause insulin resistance
4) Promotes AGEs more than glucose
5) High fructose drinks linked with gout risk.
What are issues with sucrose consumption?
Maillard reaction, leading to AGEs, which contribute to
a) sagging skin
b) cataracts
c) atherosclerosis
List the functions of fat.
Energy storage, insulation, padding.
Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated - simple bonds
Unsaturated - one or more double bonds present.
Are saturated fats typically solid or liquid? What about unsaturated fats?
Solid. Liquid.
Which are thicker : mono or polyunsaturated fats? Give an example.
Mono. Olive oil.
What are the three main problems with regards to fat consumption?
1) High cal/g (9)
2) No energy spending for fat breakdown!
3) Easy storage.
What is the % of saturated fats in coconut oil?
90-95%.
What is the composition of butter? What about margarine?
Butter - 20% water, saturated fats
Margarine - 20-60% water, plant fats
When did margarine become popular?
WW2. Butter production decreased drastically and was kept for soldiers.
Unsaturated fats can be cis or trans.
a) Is the conformation reversible?
b) Wihch of the two is the most difficult to process? What is the effect of that?
a) No.
b) Trans. Increased cholesterol levels.
In margarine production, it is necessary to hydrogenate many of the double bonds in plant fats to single bonds. What is the accidental result of this hydrogenation?
Trans fat formation.
Does decreased saturated fat have a significant effect on the average lifespan?
No.
What is given to poultry to make them grow faster? What is the precursor to that compound?
Methionine. Methyl-mercaptan (CH3SH).
For 10 billion chickens, how many pounds of ch3sh are needed?
100 million pounds.
What are chicken feathers used for?
Mulching film, anti-hurricane roofing, biodegradable plates (highly proteinated)
Compare fat quantities in fish with beef.
Fish : small amounts, high in polyunsaturated fat.
Beef : high amounts, saturated fats.
List the three major groups of fat substitutes.
Carbohydrate-based, protein-based, fat-based, synthetic.
List the major groups of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes.
Gums, seaweed and cellulose derivatives.
What is simplesse?
Protein-based fat substitute which uses egg/milk-based proteins that are mixed so that they have a fat "mouth feel". Lower in calories (4cal/g)
What are the effects of interesterified soybean oil on HDL and blood sugar?
Lowers HDL. Increases blood sugar.
What are the pros and cons of synthetic fat substitutes (3 each)?
Pros : non caloric, suitable for frying, acceptable taste.
Cons : inhibition of vit. A, D, E, K's absorption, loose stools, anal leakage (god have mercy)
When you run on a treadmill, you start off burning ______ until about ___ minutes, after which ____ is burned.
Carbohydrates, 40, fat.
Proteins are necessary for 3 main reasons. List them.
Growth, tissue maintenance, enzymatic processes.
What is Kwashiorkor?
Large stomach due to protein deficiency
What happens to eggs when you heat them up (at a molecular level)?
Protein denatured, water driven off. Egg white loses translucence as an effect.
What is the make up of yolk? White? At what temperature does the egg start hardening?
Yolk : 50% water, 30% fat, 16% protein.
White : 88% water, 0% fat, 12% protein.
Yolk hardens at 70 degrees, and white hardens at 63 degrees.
Tryptophan is a precursor of ___. Trp supplements have been banned in north america because of contaminated samples, leading to _____.
5-HT. Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome.
Proteins are broken down in _____ reactions.
Hydrolysis
What food sources contain complete proteins? Incomplete proteins?
Complete - meat, eggs, fish, milk.
Incomplete - rice, wheat, corn
Note : lysine and trp missing in wheat
Lysine short in corn
In rice, deficiency in lysine and histidine
_________ protein concentrates are added to bread due to the fact that the bread lacks in _____, an essential amino acid.
Bean. Lysine