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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four Types of learning:
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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning Social Learning Cognitive Approach |
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The method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned neutral stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
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the person who coined the idea of classical conditioning
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Ivan Pavlov
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anything that elicits response
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stimulus
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a reaction to stimulus
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response
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a stimulus that automatically elicits a response, as meat causes salivation. (receive food)
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Unconditional Stimulus
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an automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, such as salvation to meat (salivation)
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Unconditional Response
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a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural (or unconditioned) stimulus
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Conditional Response
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Wastson suggested that at the human level "deep emotions" are also the result of association and learning.
Little Albert Study |
John B. Watson
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the process in which a response spreads from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original
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Stimulus Generalization
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the gradual loss of association over time
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extinction
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the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response
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Spontaneous Recovery
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conditioning that results from the individual's actions and the consequences they cause
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Operant Conditioning
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the removal of fears.
found the key to removing phobias by associating something pleasant with a feared object |
Mary Cover Jones
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is best known for his work with the operant conditioning theory. He believed that how we turn out in life is the result of what we learn from all the operations we make over the years
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B. F. Skinner
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something that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response
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Reinforcement
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something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward
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Primary Reinforcement
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anything that come to represent a primary reinforcer, such as money
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Secondary Reinforcement
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reinforcement that involves strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it with the addition of something pleasant.
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Positive Reinforcement
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reinforcement that involves strengthening a response by following it with the removal of something unpleasant
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negative reinforcement
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the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences
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punishment
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a behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one
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Generalization
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learning to tell the difference between on event or object and another; the reverse of generalization
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Discrimination Learning
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the process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it.
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Shaping
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reinforcing the connection between the parts of a sequence
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Chaining
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reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs
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Continuous Reinforcement
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different methods of reinforcing
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Schedules of reinforcement
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reinforcement not given each time an act is performed
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Partial Reinforcement
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schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a specific but variable number of time
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variable ratio schedule
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schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a fixed number of times
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Fixed Ratio
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schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a variable amount of time
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Variable interval
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schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a fixed amount of time
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Fixed Interval
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learning from the behavior of others (peers)
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Social Learning
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a form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others (children do this with their parents or older siblings)
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Observational Learning
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an approach to the study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge
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Cognitive Approach
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learning that is not obvious but goes on under the surface
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latent learning
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beliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the desired reward
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Expectancies
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the preference for certain types of reinforcement over other types
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Reinforcement Value
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a mental image of where one is located in space
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cognitive map
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methods for solving problems
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strategies
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