Civil Rights Movement

resistance to social, economical, and political change; controversy over pace of movement and change; Civil Rights Movement

organization established in 1909 to fight for African American civil rights through legal action

mass movement of African Americans to from the South to the North during WWI; 2 million rural blacks move to urban North for job opportunities after WWII

Gandhi used civil disobedience (nonviolence) to revolt against oppression of Indians in South Africa

Ghana used Pan-Africanism (socialism) to become first sub-Sahara country to gain its independence; Kenya used guerilla tactics in the Mau Movement to gain its freedom

other nations question US democracy especially when there wasn’t equality for all

civil rights leader and union organizer, organized 1941 March on Washington

A. Philip Randolph organized a March to protest racial discrimination in the war industries

signed by FDR on June 25, 1941 to prohibit racial discrimination in national defense; it was the first federal law to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the US; executive order was issued in response to pressure from the March

created by executive order 8802; gave authority to investigate complaints and take action against employment discrimination

Supreme Court decision of 1954 that overturned “separate but equal” that justified Jim Crow laws; “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”

an American white supremacist organization; had about 15,000 members, mostly in the South, the group was well known for its opposition to racial integration in the South

14 year old black boy that was brutally murdered b/c black boys were not allowed to talk to white women in South; extent to which whites were willing to preserve segregation even if it was all over the media

political and social protest in 1955 of Montgomery’s policy of segregation on its public city transportation system; eventually after a year (381 days) Supreme Court decided to desegregate transportation system in Montgomery; the longer the boycott went on, the more blacks that supported it, which showed their desire to rid segregation

protested sexual abuse and segregation

President of WPC

planned and acted out bus protest, but was arrested in 1955

formed December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders; guided Bus Boycott and got things accomplished in a non-violent manner

leader of MIA and helped found SCLC

used direct action in a nonviolent manner to spur change in US; MLK was President and educated blacks to mobilize in a civil manner

formed in 1942; group was instrumental in organizing the sit-ins of 1960s; CORE promoted nonviolent protest as a means to social change; 1966 caused a shift to black power and they repudiated their nonviolent origins

co-founded CORE; suggested inter-racial cooperation, and pointed out problems in the North as well as in the South

made it unconstitutional to have segregated public facilities

brutally attacked; JFK begged them to “cool off”; Bobby Kennedy mandated desegregation of public facilities; they were civil rights activists who in 1961 demonstrated that despite a federal ban on segregated travel on interstate buses, segregation prevailed in parts of the South

one of the Freedom Riders’ buses was fire bombed near Anniston and a mob beat the civil rights protestors as they fled the bus

civil rights organization formed in 1960 to coordinate nonviolent direct-action, such as sit-ins and voter-registration and desegregation campaigns in the South

non-violent acts of protest by sitting in a restricted area until evicted or forced out

adult advisor of SNCC who had been involved in entire civil rights movement; promoted support of students to participate in nonviolent protests

strives to make all constituents involved in direct action by explaining the collective action will bring about rewards for them

project to register deep South blacks to vote

key supporter of the Voter Education Project; challenged traditional poll taxes, literacy tests, etc.; was a figure involved with SNCC as well

40% blacks in city, with most violent KKK in South

police official in Birmingham that was a member of the KKK; prompted violent police response to nonviolent civil rights protests

get media attention through nonviolent protests, marches, boycotts; used nonviolent blacks to exemplify violence of police force; even black children were arrested; prompted public outrage

16th Street Baptist Church was bombed; killed 4 little black girls, and 12 people were injured; name given to Birmingham after # of bombs that were used against civil rights activists during the 1960s

was bombed; killed 4 little black girls, and 12 people were injured; Birmingham called "Bombingham" after # of bombs that were used against civil rights activists during the 1960s

violent city against desegregation as well

assassinated for advocating for his right to vote with T-shirts saying Jim Crow must go, in his hand, he was shot at his home after meeting with NAACP lawyers by a KKK member

MLK’s “I have a Dream” speech advocating for racial harmony; between 200,000 to 300,000 people in attendance at Lincoln Memorial

principal organizer of March on Washington

following the speech, JFK and FBI labeled him dangerous b/c it makes him appear as the leader of not only the Civil Rights Movement, but the nation in some people’s minds

attempt to register blacks to vote in Mississippi; many whites did not like the northerners coming to the South to promote change; many murders took place, even murders of the volunteers, and the actions of the whites were not persecuted

whites sent to Mississippi to help blacks get registered to vote, but were killed by KKK members

goal to get rural blacks in Mississippi to vote

American political party created to challenge legitimacy of white only Democratic party; organized by white and black Mississippians with help from SNCC and COFO

vice-chair of MDFP and got the chance to talk at 1964 Democratic National Convention, where she used her Biblical foundation to champion civil rights; she was beaten by police in 1963 almost to death

spoke of disillusionment with US government

1965 march to Selma from Birmingham

marchers were brutally beaten by police with weapons for no reason, as they performed no violence

thought non-violent movement was too slow, so he advocated Black Power, and was a Muslim; assassinated eventually in 1965 while being shot 16 times

attempt to remind blacks of slavery and ongoing fight for equality that had been going on for far too long; from 1964-1968 the stalemate because of nonviolence

after pro-segregation, all white Democratic representation from Mississippi at Democratic National Convention of 1964, Carmichael became more violent and became the organizer of Black Panther Party and advocate for Black power

rallying cry for more militant blacks advocated by Carmichael and H. Rap Brown; called for African Americans to form their own economic, political, and cultural institutions

militant black nationalist organization formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale; group advocated racial separation and black power

(Counter Intelligence Program) was a series of covert and illegal projects conducted by the United States FBI aimed at investigating and disrupting dissident political organizations within the United States. The FBI used covert operations from its inception; however the formal COINTELPRO operations took place between 1956 and 1971. The FBI motivation at the time was "protecting national security, preventing violence, and maintaining the existing social and political order."

formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO; program remained in place until it was revealed to the public in 1971, and was the cause of some of the harshest criticism of Hoover and the FBI. COINTELPRO was first used to disrupt the Communist Party, and later such organizations such as the Black Panther Party, the SCLC, the KKK, and others; methods included infiltration, burglaries, illegal wiretaps, planting forged documents and spreading false rumors about key members of target organizations

incident in which local policemen in Orangeburg, SC fired into a crowd of civil rights protestors, killing 3 and injuring 27

MLK and SCLC organized campaign beginning with a march in Marks, MS; addressed need for economic justice demanding the need for economic aid to the poorest communities

1200 inmates at Attica prison in NY created a riot to protest inhumane conditions; state came in and took prison over within minutes, making inmates crawl in mud and on glass, etc.; more that 60% of inmate population was black or Latino while all the guards were white; prompted investigation of cruel treatment

changes prompted by civil rights movement

landmark legislation that prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin in employment and public facilities

law prohibited literacy tests and sent federal examiners to the South to register voters

adopted in 1964; barred a poll tax in federal elections

provides work-study programs

called for desegregation in school systems