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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What structures compose the outer layer of the eye?
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Sclera and cornea.
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What structures compose the middle layer of the eye?
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Choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
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What structure composes the inner layer of the eye?
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Retina.
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What structure maintains the shape of the eye?
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Sclera.
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What is the only part of the eye with pain receptors?
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Cornea.
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What chamber is filled with aqueous humor?
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Anterior chamber.
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What cells form the lens?
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Crystalin
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What fills the posterior chamber?
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Vitreous humor.
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What membrane covers the sclera and lines eyelids?
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Conjunctiva.
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Lacrimal caruncle contains what glands?
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Modified sweat and sebaceous glands.
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Where are cones most densely concentrated?
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Central fovea
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Where is vision the sharpest?
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Fovea
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The pigment in receptors are called what?
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Rhodopsin (visual purple)
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Vitamin A deficiency can lead to what?
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Night blindness
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Most common etiology of blepharitis.
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staphylococcal infection most common, streptococcal, Moraxella, herpes simplex and herpes zoster.
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Nonbacterial causes of blepharitis.
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Seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, dr eye, and meibomian gland dysfunction.
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Laboratory test for blepharitis.
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eyelid cultures and antibiotic sensitivity testing when patient fails to respond to initial treatment regimen.
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Treatment for blepharitis.
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Firm massage of the lid margins to enhance the flow of secretions from glands, followed by cleansing of the lids with cotton-tipped applicators dipped in 50:50 mixture of baby shampoo and water.
Bacitracin and erythromycin topical 1 - 4 times daily. |
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When do you refer blepharitis?
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when patient fails to respond to local therapy.
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What do you do if a patient presents with you with a orbital blowout fracture?
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immediate referral to hospital for surgery.
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What are the Le Fort classification of midface fractures?
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I: only the lower maxilla
II: the infraorbital rim III: complete detachment of the midface from the skill |
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How do you diagnose facial fractures?
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a fine-cut CT scan is obtained in axial and coronal planes.
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At what point is enophthalmos apparent?
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2 mm
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What are some clinical presentation of an orbital blowout fracture?
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decreased visual acuity, blepharoptosis, binocular vertical or oblique diplopia, epistaxis and eyelid swelling following nose blowing.
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What is the most common cause of treatable blindness?
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Cataracts
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What workup would you do for for cataracts?
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complete eye examination, including slit lamp examination, funduscopic examination, and brightness acuity testing.
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When is surgery indicated with cataracts?
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when corrected visual acuity in the affected eye is >20/30 in the absence of other ocular disease.
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What are the most common etiologies of conjunctivitis?
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Staph or strep; viral
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What kind of compresses are used for infective conjunctivitis?
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warm compresses
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What kind of compresses are used for irritative or allergic conjunctivitis?
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cold compresses
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What are some antibiotics you can use for conjunctivitis?
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levaquin, ofloxin, cipro, or gentamicin drops.
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When is a good time to use mast cell stabilizers in conjunctivitis?
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when its chronic because of the delayed reaction
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When do you follow-up after initiation of treatment for conjunctivitis?
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after two weeks to make sure secondary complications do no occur.
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What are some physical findings of corneal abrasions?
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Haziness of the cornea, redness, infection, pain, and light sensitivity.
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How do you diagnose corneal abrasions?
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Fluorescein staining
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Treatment of corneal abrasions
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warm compresses, removal of foreign bodies, topical antibiotics like ofloxacin 0.3% 2 gtt qid, and topical NSAIDS
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When do you follow-up after initiation of treatment for corneal abrasion?
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in 24 hours and then every 3 days until abrasion has cleared and vision has returned to normal
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What do you do if a patients experience no relief from corneal abrasion within 24 hours?
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ophthalmologic referral
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Signs and symptoms of acute dacryoadenitis
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unilateral, severe pain, redness, and pressure in the supratemporal region of the orbit with rapid onset
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Signs and symptoms of chronic dacryoadenitis
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can be bilateral, painless enlargement of the lacrimal gland present for more than a month; it's more common than acute
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Physical finds of acute dacryoadenitis
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chemosis, conjunctival injection, mucopurulent discharge, erythema of eyelids, lymphadenopathy, and fever can be present with systemic manifestations.
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Etiology of Dacryoadenitis
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Viral (most common) - mumps, EBV, herpes zoster, mono, CMV
Bacterial - staph, strep, gonorrhea, mycobacterium |
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Lab Studies for Dacroadenitis
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Culture - do before treatment because it can turn chronic and require return visits. Patients can be prone to reinfection due to damage to the lacrimal system.
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Treatment for Dacryoadenitis
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Viral - self-limiting, supportive measures (warm compresses, oral NSAIDS)
Bacterial - Keflex 500 mg qid; Cefazolin 1g IV q8h |
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What is a chalazion?
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a slowly enlarging nodule on the eyelid formed by inflammation of the meibomian gland or Zeis sebaceous glands.
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At what age does the risk of developing chalazia increase?
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aged 30-50
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What are the signs and symptoms of chalazia?
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painless swelling
possible impaired vision, double vision, discomfort |
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What can cause chalazion?
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seborrhea
acne rosacea chronic blepharitis high blood lipid concentration |
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What is the typical progression of uncomplicated chalazion?
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resolution within 1 month
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How do you treat chalazion?
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apply warm compresses for 15 minutes
excision of chalazion |
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What is indicated for chronic chalazion?
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tetracycline
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What is an external hordeolum?
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an acute inflammatory process affecting the eyelid and arising from the Zeis glands
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What is the etiology of an external hordeolum?
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often infectious and usually caused by staphylococcus aureus
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What are the physical finding of an external hordeolum?
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abrupt onset with pain and erythema of the eyelid
localized, tender mass in the eyelid points toward the skin surface of the lid and may spontaneously drain |
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How do you treat an external hordeolum?
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usually responds to warm compresses
bacitracin or topical erythromycin opththalmic ointment applied to the lid two or four times daily dicloxacillin 500 mg PO qid for refractory cases |
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What are the signs and symptoms of blepharitis?
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eye irritation, burning, tearing, foreign body sensation, crusty debris (in the lashes, in the corner of the eyes or on the lids), dryness and red eyelid margins
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