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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
type of water best for clinical lab
|
deionized h20
|
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H20 grading for putiry
|
I) lab testing
II) reagents III) washing |
|
compare control vs. standard
|
control- test curve-- unknown for instrument
standard- reference from company |
|
what is stored in glass vs. plastic
|
acid- glass
alkaline- plastic |
|
Chemical labeling
up, left, right, down |
up- red- flamable
left- blue- health right- yellow- reactive down- white- special handling |
|
principle of osmette
|
super cools w/o freezing
-seeds (adds crystal) look at osmolarity heat released as freezing |
|
limits of osmettes
|
can not freeze!--- not accurate
can use both plasma and urine for comparison |
|
"out of nernst"
|
based on nernst equation,
ISE system balances potential (+ and - in system) used in Ecell |
|
ISE
|
ion selective electrode
|
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The osmette instrument measures the concentration or ________ using ____________ _________ depression
|
osmotic pressure
freezing point depression |
|
The ______ is the concentration of solute molecules contributing to osmotic pressure
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osmolality
|
|
Beer's law
|
abs of unk/ abs of std* std value
|
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units for osmolality
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mmol/L
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1.0 osmole depresses the freezing point of h20 by______
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1.858 degrees
|
|
what methodology measures cell potential under equil. cond.
|
potentiometry
|
|
Ecell aka
described by what |
cell potential
nernst equ |
|
valinomycin is used for ___ ions
because |
K
it is a potassium ionophore |
|
Why was the absorbance of Cl read at 500 nm?
|
that is the optimum wave length for the red color produced
|
|
Reagents used in Chloride determination
|
Mercuric thiocyanate in methanol
ferric nitrate mercuric nitrate |
|
metabolic acidosis vs. alkalosis VS
respiratory acidosis vs. alkalosis |
met acid- bicarb deficiency-- renal
met. alk- bicarb excess- renal resp acidosis- hypovent- lungs resp. alk- hypervent-- lungs |
|
Allen's test for perfusion
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wrist
block of both veins, release one, hand turns white, release other blood flows back--> red check circulation of ulnar artery Ulnar artery supply to the hand is sufficient and it is safe to cannulate/prick the radial |
|
Glucose analysis uses what reagent
|
Hexokinase (HK)
|
|
What parameter of serum is the single most valuable factor in the eval of acid-base status
|
pH
|
|
what parameter of serum tells how well the bosy eliminates excess CO2
|
pCO2
|
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what parameter of serum assesses the ability to absorb O2
|
SO2
|
|
The pH of blood helps assess what 3 systems?
|
renal, respiratory, blood
|
|
Test used for arterial perfusion
|
Allen's test
|
|
epileptic seizures can lead to what acid-base imbalance... why?
|
metabolic acidosis
seizing causes excess lactic acid into blood stream |
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What product is formed during glucose analysis that is proportional to the glucose
|
NADH
|
|
BUN principle
|
urea= major end product of protein nitrogen metabolism
produces in liver and excreted circulating levels depend on protein intake, catabolism and kidney function |
|
Test principle of BUN
|
urea hydrolyzed produces ammonia and CO2, combines with alpha ketoglutarate--> L-glutamate
decrease in absorbance at 340nm Urea concentration is proportional to abs. change over time |
|
units for BUN
|
mg/dl
|
|
Creatinine testing aka
|
Jaffe reaction
|
|
Jaffe reaction
|
creatinine testing
|
|
reagents used in Jaffe reaction
|
Picric acid
Na hydroxide |
|
Color produced in creatinine testing
|
orange
|
|
creatine is proportional to_______
and used for |
muscle mass
high energy storage |
|
units for creatinine testing
|
mg/dl
|
|
as NADH is converted to NAD we see a(n) ______ in abs.
|
decrease
|
|
3 organs that synthesize creatine
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kidney liver pancreas
|
|
creatinine is used to assess _____ function
|
renal
|
|
normal ranges for BUN are
normal ranges for creatinine is |
8-25 mg/dL
.6-1.5 mg/dL |
|
which analyte (BUN or Creatinine) is more constant in blood
|
creatinine
|
|
BUN test system is a(n) ______ system and the creatinine test is a _______ test
|
enzyme
kinetic |
|
electrophoresis are also called
supporting media is |
fractionation
polyacrylamide gel |
|
principle of microprotein testing
|
to indicate >150 mg/day of protein = renal disease
|
|
method of microprotein testing
|
Benzethonium Cl method
tubidimetric proceedure benzelthonium Cl denatures protein -- turbid effect |
|
total protein-- principle and method used
|
biuret proceedure
monitors changes in protein levels |
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total protein methodology
|
cupric ions in>pH react with carbonyl and amino groups of protein--> purple color
|
|
in a normal pt. how much protein would be found in 24 hour sample
|
<150 mg/day
|
|
what are the bulk of proteins synthesized
|
albumin, alpha & beta globulins
|
|
term given to proteins that are acid and base
|
amphoteric
|
|
migration of proteins in electrophoresis is based on
|
size
|
|
peaks on chart from left to right
|
albumin
a1 glob a2 glob b glob gamma glob |
|
Biuret color measured
what gives it that color? |
blue
cupric ions |
|
intensity of biuret color based on
|
peptide links available
|
|
decreased levels in serum protein can suggest problems in what two organs
|
kidney, liver
|
|
magic number for baby- bilirubins
|
20mg/dL
|
|
3 elements of total bilirubin
|
conjugated, unconjugates, bilirubin monoglucoronide: albumin
|
|
bilirubin monoglucoronide: albumin aka
significance |
delta bilirubin
very small amount, negligible |
|
Measure idirect bilirubin by
|
measuring total and direct
total- direct= indirect |
|
Can measure what forms of bilirubin
|
conjugated (direct)
total |
|
water insoluble form of bilirubin
|
unconjugated
|
|
Bilirubin analysis is also called
|
Diazo reaction
|
|
Diazo reaction
|
Bilirubin analysis
|
|
increase in direct bilirubin signifies
increase in indirect bili means increase in total bili means |
obstructive jaundice-- nothing released in bile ducts
hemolytic anemia-- too much uncon released hepatitis-- can't process, can't be passed throug bile |
|
Diazo reaction is a ____ color for acid and a _____ color for bases
|
pink- acid
blue- base |
|
bilirubin reagent
|
diazotized sulfanilic acid
|
|
What is the purpose of the acceleration reagent in diazo reactions
|
solubilizes albumin bound bilirubin to azobilirubin
|
|
bilirubin is transported on ___ to the ____
|
albumin
liver |
|
in the liver bilirubin is ____ to glucoronic acid
|
conjugated
|
|
enzyme responsible for bilirubin conjugation
|
uridyl- diP glucoronyl transferase
|
|
why is it important to monitor infant bilirubin levels
|
babies may not beable to conjugate bilirubin--/-- excretion.
>20 mg/dl = brain damage |
|
Ca is important in 7 things
|
muscle contraction
heart contraction clotting neurotransmission enzyme rxns membrane transport hormone secretions |
|
3 forms of Ca in blood (include %)
|
45% ionized
45% bound (to albumin) 10% complexed with anions |
|
iCa
|
ionized calcium
biologically active 45% of Ca in blood |
|
causes for hypcalcemia (7)
|
osteomalasia
hypomagnesiumemia vit. D deficiency hypoparathyroidism steatorrhea preg/lactation kidney disease |
|
causes for hypercalemia (6)
|
hyperparathyroidism
hyper Vit. D bone neoplasms hypermagnesiumemia multiple myelome polycythhemia vera |
|
Calcium determination basics
|
Ca complexed with Ardenazo III in alkaline env. to form purple complex
|
|
Why can't we use glass when measuring Ca
|
glass has Ca
|
|
Normal Ca
|
8.4-10.2 mg/dL
|
|
U
|
amount of enzyme that will catalyse the transformation of 1mmol of substrate under standard conditions
|
|
2 word definition of enzyme
|
biological catalyst
|
|
oxidoreductases
|
enzyme- works on basis of e- transport
|
|
transerases
|
catalyze transfer of group
|
|
hydrolases
|
work with H20 to catalyze cleavage
|
|
lyases
|
hydrolyze C=C, C-N, C-O
|
|
isomerases
|
form isomers-- cause geometric change
|
|
ligases
|
synthysize something
need ATP |
|
enzymes of metabolism are
|
tissue specific
|
|
AST stands for
old term what type of enzyme is it |
Aspartate amino transferase
SGOT- serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase Transferase |
|
____ is transferred in AST reaction
|
amino group from aspartate to 2-oxoglutarate
|
|
secondary reaction in AST reaction is a
|
redox reaction
|
|
Isoenzymes differ based on
|
enzymatic properties
physical properties biochem properties |
|
Pancreatic enzymes-- one we used
|
amylase
- derived from salivary glands and pancreas - hydrolysis--> maltose |
|
pancreatitis and amylase
|
panc- alpha amylase increases 4 hours after onset of pain, peaks at 24, elevated for 3-7 days
|
|
Amylase and pancreatic enzymes measure
|
rate of formation of CNP
|
|
CNP
|
2-chloro-p-nitrophenol
measured in amylase reaction |
|
other enzyme used to evaluate pancreas besides amylase
|
lipase
|
|
Glucose functioning tests
- 2 types we talked about |
2 hour post prandial
oral glucose tolerance test |
|
2 hour post prandial
|
stresses system with defined glucolse load
look for rate of glucose clearance |
|
oral glucose tolerance test
|
3 days before-- 150g carbs/ day
day of test- 8-16 hour fast test 100 g glucose blood drawn at intervals (0, 30 min, 1, 2,3) test curve |
|
glycosylated Hgb aka
principle |
Hgb A1c
hgb: glucose tells 120 days worth |
|
what is screened for during 2 hour PP
|
gestational diabetes
|
|
levels of Hgb A1c proportional to
|
hemoglobin
glucose that Rbc are exposed to |
|
hemoglobin variations separated by
|
chromogenic variations
|
|
normal HBA1c range is
|
4.0-6.3%
|
|
POC testing done
|
patients bedside
|
|
6 responsibilitied of lab testing POC
|
instrument function, QC, calibration, maintenance, training, proficiency testing
|
|
TIBC
% bound % stored |
75: 25
|
|
% of transferrin bound to iron at a given time
|
20-50%
|
|
normal TIBC
|
260-440 microg/L
|
|
TIBC =
|
saturated + unsat.
|
|
serum fe uses what reagent
reducing agent get what color |
ferrozine
hydroxylamine hydrochloride purple |
|
must avoid what ions when doing serum Fe
How? |
copper
neocuproine |
|
normal serum fe ranges
|
men- 70-180 microg/dL
women- 60-180 |
|
UIBC- principle
|
adds Fe to transferrin in alkaline environment
remaining Fe= measured by color change (blue complex) |
|
UIBC reagent
|
ferene
|
|
TIBC= ____ + ______
|
serum iron + UIBC
|
|
% sat.=
normal values |
Fe/TIBC *100
20-55% |
|
Serum iron levels represent
|
Fe bound to transferrin
|
|
Fe dissociation from transferrin in our methods caused by
|
acid environment
|
|
iron stored in (3) places
|
liver, spleen, bone marrow
|
