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Clostridium Characteristics
G+ rod
spore forming
strict anaerobe
CW, Shape

2 unique traits
Lecithinase
1. Bacteria
2. Type of toxin
3. Action
1. C. Perfringens
2. Alpha-toxin
3. Destroys cell membrane resulting in cell lysis & massive hemolysis
sAg-like toxin secreted by spores of C. perfringens. Heat stabel/labile?

Bonus: function of sAg
Enterotoxin. Heat LABILE

Causes a massive, ineffective T cell immune response
1. Symptoms of soft-tissue infection
2. Effects
3. Bacterial cause
1. Foul smelling necrotic tissue
2. Gas (gangrene) caused by dividing bacteria producing H+ & CO2 gas
3. C. preferingens
1. Diagnosis of C perfringens? (agar & traits)
2. Diagnosis of C. perfringens food poisoning
1. Blood agar. hemolysis occurs in two distinct zones
2. Must recover large number (10000) organisms per gram of food due to presence in normal flora
Acquired thru environmental exposure to spores?
C. tetani
Type of vaccine for C. tetani
Toxoid vaccine (DPT)
Virulence factors of C. tetani:
1. Type of toxin
2. Action
3. Effect
1. Neurotoxin (tetanospasmin)
2. Migrates to CNS & blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters
3. Muscle spasms
Diagnosis & Treatment of C. tetani
Clinical presentation. Anit-toxin.
Why is a blood sample ineffective for diagnosing C. tetani?
Both toxin & Ab's are quickly absorbed by neurons
1. C. Botulinum is acquired how?
2. Type of toxin
3. Action
4. Effects
1. Soil based spores
2. Type A toxin (neurotoxin)
3. Blocks release of Ach
4. Inhibits muscle stimulation resulting in flaccid paralysis & respiratory paralysis
3D's:
What are they and what disease do they indicate?
Difficulty:
1. Seeing (diplopia)
2. Swallowing (dysphagia)
3. Speaking (dysphonia)

Symptoms of Botulism
What trait allows C. Botulinum to thrive in improperly canned foods?
Strict anaerobe
Infant is failing to thrive...
Infant botulism. Typically acquired via honey. Results in SIDS.
Why is the sampleof C. botilum heated?
To kill all other organisms but the spores