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What will we study in chapter 1?
Approaches to studying the mind
History of Cognitive Psychology
Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology
What will we study this semester?
memory, perception, language, and attention
Define memory
Processes used to acquire, retain, and retrieve information
Define perception
Process of interpreting information coming from the senses
Define language
Shared symbolic system for communication
What is attention? Who provided the definition and when?
“[Attention] is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thoughts... It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.“ William James, 1890
What is cognition and when is it used?
Mental events and knowledge used when:
Recognizing an object
Remembering a name
Having an idea
Understanding a sentence
Solving a problem
What is cognitive science?
The scientific study of:
Thought
Language
The Brain
What are the approaches to studying the mind?
Introspection, behavior, neurophysiology
What is introspection?
examing our consciousness
Why study behavior?
it can reveal cognitive activity
Why study neurophysiology?
by understanding cognitive activity, we can understand the neural activity that underlies it
Who is the first psychologist that we learned about? Who was he? What did he establish? What method did he use?
Wilhelm Wundt
German physiologist
Established Psychology as its own science
Introspection
Wihelm Wundt also wrote a lot about...
language production
Wihelm Wundt used introspection, which meant that people looked... and then reported...
inward to explain what they were experience... what they saw
To perform introspection, individuals had to be...
trained
What were the problems with introspection?
disagreement about what was perceived, much behavior/cognition is unconscious, not observable, not verifiable
What was the good thing about introspection?
It was the first attempt to really understand what is going on in our minds
Who was the second psychologist we talked about? What method did he use?
Edward Titchner, introspection
Edward Titchner establish the first... it was called...
school of thought, structuralism
Edward Titchner was a student of
Wundt
Define structuralism
the breaking down of perception into basic structures in order to understand the structure of the mind
What was the problem with Titchner?
He was a bit of an egoist. He thought any research that contradicted his own was wrong. He considered himself the ultimate authority and had a monopoly on introspection.
Who was the third psychologist we talked about? He is something referred to as the...
Hermann von Ebbinghaus, father of memory research
Was Titchner a student of Wundt?
No, he was a contemporary
Wundt believed that studying ____ was too hard. Ebbinghaus thought of this as
memory, a challenge
What did Ebbinghaus use in his research? What were these like? Examples?
nonsense syllables, combinations of letters that can form words but are not actually words, LEP, CUG, BAP
Why did Ebbinghaus use meaningless words?
He didn't want any pre-existing associations to influence the resutls
What did Ebbinghaus do with his meaningless words? Then?
He made lists and memorized them. Then, he would put them aside for varying amounts of time and come back to them later.
What is the savings score and who used it?
the number of nonsense syllables still saved in one's memory, Ebbinghaus
What else did Ebbinghaus test?
intervention time, intervening lists, etc.
What is the forgetting curve and who came up with it? What does it look like
A curve showing the amount remembered across time, Ebbinghaus, an immediate drop-off that levels out
Who was the fourth psychologist? What he a student of contemporary?
William James, contemporary
What did William James come up with? What was it and how is it defined?
The second school of thought, fucntionalism, studying how the brain words instead of its structure
William James created functionalism in response to... He published... He was the first to distinguish... When were his contributions recognized?
The rigidity of Titchner, Principles in Psychology, short-term and long-term memory, not until much later
Who is the fifth psychologist we talked about and what did he found?
John Watson, behaviorism
According to John Watson and the behaviorist perspective, psychologists should concentrate on... they should ignore... Why did he think these things should be ignored? This perspective defined...
observable, measurable, and quantifiable behavior... mental processes... that could not be studied scientifically (at least at that time, according to him), psychology
What did psychology gain from the behaviorist perspective?
A great deal of scientific rigor
What were the contributions that psychologists made to cognitive psychology?
Mind as subject
Behavior as measure (Methodological precision)
Media of study (Learning and Memory)
What were the contributions that other fields made to cognitive psychology?
(1)WWII
Communications
Engineering
(a)Attention
(b)Signal detection
(2)Linguistics
Noam Chomsky
Language & Cognition
(3) Computer Science
The analogy
Artificial intelligence
What is signal detection?
Figuring out the right conditions in order to detect something
Noam Chomsky got in an argument with... What happened? What did the disagreement bring about?
Skinner, Skinner wrote a book linked language to behaviorism, Chomsky destroyed it by arguing that language is much ore complicated than learning and reinforcement. It brought about a push back towards understanding higher thought and towards cognitive psychology.
What was the analogy between and what did it mean? How do we use it?
switchboard, then computer, that our minds function like computers, we use computers to model behaviors and do simulations and compare results to human behavior
Flow to cognitive psychology: we start with... next we have...
philosophy, natural sciences, physiology, psychophysics... Titchner's structuralism and Wundts 1879 Psychology
From Wundt and Titchner Structuralism, we get
James Functionalism, Ebbinghaus verbal learning, and Gesalt psychology
James' Functionalism leads to
Watson behaviorism and cognitive psychology
Watson behaviorism leads to, Ebbinghaus verbal learning leads to, gesalt psychology leads to
cognitive psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive psychology
Outside fields that contribute to cognitive psychology/cognitive psychology contributes to
Chomsky linguistics and computer and information science
Linguistics, cognitive psychology, and computer and information science contribute to
Cognitive science
Fields that continue to contribute to CS and CS contributes to
neuroscience, ethology, anthropology
List the assumptions of modern cognitive psychology
mental processes exist, mental processes can be scientifically studied, and humans are active information processors
In contrast to behaviorism, it is now okay to... in part because we...
study higher processes, have the tools to do it
How can mental processes be scientifically studied?
via inferences from observable, replicable, and objective behaviors
The assumptions of cognitive psychology are called... this means that...
meta-theoretical assumptions, they are inherent in and above and beyond all theories in cognitive psychology
When we say we are active information processors, we mean that... give an example...
we are active participants in cognition, we can choose to occupy ourselves with internal mental stimulation