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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do street drugs (cocaine) affect a baby?
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They cross the placental barrier and effect the intrauterine environment while child is in utero.
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how does alcohol affect a baby?
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It acts as a teratogenic agent and interferes with the chemical processes in fetal cells.
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What leads to a chance of prematurity?
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street drugs, in particular cocaine.
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How does substance abuse on the caregiving environment AFTER the child is born affect a him or her?
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Mother's do not have resources to support child rearing. They have difficulty understanding their child's communication and they wrongly interpret the child's communication attempts as demands. They will reject their child's communication or criticize it; child's development tends to suffer.(BOX 4-4)
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syndrome of birth anomalies associated with excessive alcohol intake during pregnancy.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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what are the 3 diagnostic criteria for Fetal alcohol syndrome?
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growth deficiency (born small, short in stature), minor anomalies of the facial features (short eye slits-palpebral fissures), flat midface, long philtrum and thin upper lip) and neuro-behavioral effects (small head size, tremors, hyperactivity, fine/gross motor problems, attentional deficits, learning disabilities.
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a milder version of FAS. Displays some of the same symptoms but not all 3 to warrant an FAS diagnosis.
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Fetal Alcohol Effect
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T or F - communication and maladaptive problems progress through the life span of children with FAS and FAE.
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True
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what are some disorders related to drug abuse?
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small head circumference, low birth weight, small strokes or heart attacks before birth, congenital malformations, AIDS, irritability, hyper/hypotonicity, seizures, reduced play
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how many children exposed to drugs prenatally experience low birth weight, prematurity, small head circumference, and growth retardation.
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less than 1/2
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T or F - drug exposure newborns are often irritable and stiff ant hey show arousal and attention problems, but this usually does not last past the 1st year.
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True
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T or F - children who are born with exposure to drugs have a risk for communication disorders
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True
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cognition is not usually impaired unless the head is __________ in circumference.
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small
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Form of physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse or neglect
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maltreatment
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children with communication and other developmental disorders are more likely to experience what?
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abuse
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why is maltreatment a risk factor for language disorders?
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Because of the disruption in social interaction, these children have shorter MLU's, limited expressive vocabularies and syntax and lower verbal IQ's.
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what is a greater factor for a language disorder than abuse?
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severe neglect
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what are some effects of maltreatment?
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psychosocial harm, physical harm that causes brain damage (shaken baby)
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Describe the assessment for children who have been maltreated.
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must be family based and multidisciplinary,standardized testing and criterion referenced tesing.
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treatment for environmental components must be....
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comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and family focused.
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what do we need to do 1st when it comes to clinical implications of disorders related to environmental components?
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address the needs to the parent through discussions and assistance with things such as medical care, addiction programs, education, housing, employment, child care, mother's literacy...
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what do we need to do 2nd when it comes to treatment of disorders related to environmental components?
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work with the parent to help improve interaction with the child (BOX 4-6, 4-7)
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what are acquired disorders of communicative function?
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they are factors that occur AFTER the child has been born normally and has been suing typical language.
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what are the 4 kinds of injury that can result in acquired language disorders?
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1) focal lesions
2) acquired aphasia secondary to seizure disorder 3) brain damage after tumors, infection or radiation 4) traumatic brain injury |
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what are lesions or injuries to the brain that are in a specific area or localized in a specific place in the brain called? (ex. cerebral vascular accident or stroke)
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focal lesions
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an example of this Landau-Kleffner sundrome. Most common onset is 3-6 years of age, but can occur between 2-13 years.
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seizure disorder
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an example of this would be an open head injury (bullet wound) or closed head injury (shaken baby syndrome)
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
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what are focal lesions usually caused by?
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cerebrovascular accidents or CVA (strokes)
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True or False - in utero and premature babies can suffer from CVAs?
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True
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what do children who have suffered a CVA exhibit delays in?
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language acquisition, particularly if the lesion or injury is on the left side of the brain.
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what happens to children with right brain injuries?
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may have difficulty with higher-level language abilities like problem solving executive functioning skills.
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T or F - most children with focal lesions make a pretty complete recovery in terms of communication.
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T
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T or F - Landau Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is the most common cause of losing language in association with a seizure disorder.
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T
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permanent aphasia or permanent loss of language
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Landau Kleffner syndrome
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what is the diagnostic criteria for Landau Kleffner sundrome?
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abnormal EEG activity or seizure and sudden or gradual loss in previously acquired language functioning.
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what are the initial symptoms of LKS
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seizure, child not paying attention to speech or stop talking or regress.
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what is a tell tale sign of LKS
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child regressing and can occur between 3-6 years of age.
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what is impaired if a child has seizure disorder?
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cognitive functioning and comprehension, expressive language, word finding and syntax.
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what are the guidelines for working with a child with Laundau Kleffner syndrome?
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use small language-based instructional setting part of the day, have high level of 1 on 1 instruction part of the day, intensive language interventions focusing on residual skills or reteaching something that they have typically acquired prior to losing language, sign language, visual supports, written modality and computer programs.
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what are possible causes of brain damage?
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brain tumors, infections, effects of radiation, seizures
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T or F - brain damage can affect cognitive and communication functioning.
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True
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what do long term brain damage effects depend on?
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timing, location of brain tumor, area of concern, size, and area of brain affected.
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T or F - some brain damaged kids retain language and some have intact expressive language, but poor comprehension
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T
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T or F - close headed injuries are more common in children and tend to be more severe.
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True
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what type injury gives you more damage throughout the brain?
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closed head injury.
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what is the biggest cause of TBI in children?
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falls and car accidents
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what % of TBI in children can be attributed to child abuse?
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10-15%
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how is the outcome of a TBI predicted?
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degree of the coma, length of time the child was in the impaired state of consciousness and length of post traumatic amnesia or PTA.
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what is Post traumatic amnesia or PTA and what is considered a severe injury?
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period of time between the injury and when the child regains a continuous memory for ongoing events. longer than 24 hrs is considered severe.
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T or F - once post traumatic amnesia has passed language functions so improvement and there seems to be a spontaneous recovery.
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True
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what are the 2 types of language deficits for TBI?
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specific language problems with minimal cognitive involvement and disorganized language that is secondary to a primary cognitive impairment.
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this is the best type of language rare type of TBI language deficits to have, these kids have word finding problems, comprehension deficits and paraphasic areas.Only affects language and not cognitive impairment
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specific language problems with minimal cognitive involvement.
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most common type of TBI language deficits, includes reduced attention nd concentration, reduced short-term memory, reduced speed of processing information, reduced organizational skills, reduced reasoning
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disorganized language that is secondary to a primary cognitive impairment.
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T or F - executive functioning skills support and enable the understanding and use of language.
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True
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how might language sound if there is a TBI injury?
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inappropriate, irrelevant, fragmented, illogical and confused even though syntax, morphology, and phonology, may be within normal limits.
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what must the assessment entail for acquired language disorders?
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formal and informal measures to establish baseline function, identify goals for intervention and evaluate change.
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what type of things do we look for in an environmental profile?
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child's expectations for daily living situations, look at the school records to see what the child was proficient in before the injury.
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what is one of the hallmarks for acquired brain injury?
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inconsistency (we can't assume a child can do skills they were once able to do.
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what are some diagnostic issues we need to look at for acquired language disorders children?
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need to identify the child's stage of recovery, look at Rancho Los Amigos Level of Cognitive Functioning scale. Also, look at formal and informal functional diagnostics.
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what are the 3 distinctive phases of recovery for acquired language disorder?
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early treatment, middle phase treatment, late phase treatment.
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this type of treatment is done a the hospital or rehab center, done to improve residual functions, would involve functional things like nodding yer or no to questions and doing simple visual motor activities.
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early treatment
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this treatment emphasizes structured tasks to develop functional and adaptive behaviors for example, you may work on language comprehension and simple verbal problem solving.
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middle phase treatment
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this treatment focuses on home and school environment and re-entry into these environments. It has to be collaborative and home and classroom bases.
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late phase treatment
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is there a known cause for specific language disorders
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no, a child does not present with MR, don't present with hearing loss and don't present with neurological damage.
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Is it appropriate to make a diagnosis of specific language impairment under the age of 4?
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no because many young children recover and catch up with regard to their early language impairment.
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what are the 2 types of SLI (specific language impairment)
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expressive disorder and mixed receptive expressive disorder.
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this type of SLI disorder any affects production or expression. These children have normal receptive language.
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expressive disorder
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in this type of SLI disorder both modalities (receptive and expressive) are impaired, but expressive is much more affected.
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mixed receptive expressive disorder
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Are SLI kids delayed in all language area at the same level?
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no, one may be 1 year below in one area and 2 years below in another area.
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what is a strength for children with SLI?
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pragmatics and semantics.
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what is a major difficulty for kids with SLI?
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morphosyntax (morphology and syntax). bound morphemes, copula verbs, complex and simple sentences. phonology is also delayed.
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what problems do SLI children have with cognitive and related skills.
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symbolic play, classification, figurative thinking and hypothesis formation.
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what problems do SLI children have with social and behavioral functioning.
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social skill deficits due to decreased language abilities. Can't express themselves appropriately. Most commonly co-occuring disorder is ADHD.
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T or F - There is a high proportion of children with SLI with learning disabilities?
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True
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what are some factors affecting prognosis for SLI?
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range of areas affected, degree of impairment.
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The best prognosis is to have only an ___________ or _________ problem.
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articulation or phonology
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if the child has both __________ and _________ problems there is a poorer prognosis.
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comprehension and expression
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what are good predictors of school-age outcomes in preschoolers with mild to moderate SLI?
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non-word repetition, ability to learn new words through "fast mapping", narrative skills, certain motor skills, and performance on sentence repetition tasks.
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what are some causes of severe speech production impairments?
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cerebral palsy, congenital facial anomalies, brain injuries. These can affect the neuromotor tracts and result in severe speech impairments.
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what is dysarthria?
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muscle impairment of the articulators so sounds can't be produced effectively.
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what is a good way to treat severe speech production impairments and lang. disorders.
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AAC for communication and maximizing wirtten communication through literacy experiences. (BOX 4-6, 4-17)
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what is a diffuse brain injury (injury throughout brain)?
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found in individuals with severe speech production impairment and language.
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why should we focus on the parents and their interaction with their children?
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If the child has severe speech problems, parent/child interaction may be disrupted.
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what do children with apraxia have problems doing?
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neuromotor planning and production of speech and this adversely affects production resulting in severe speech disorders. Basically their planning of speech.
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what is one of the hallmark signs of childhood apraxia of speech?
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do not have intelligible speech and no able to communicate effectively, they also have expressive language problems.(phonological disorders and expressive delays overlap)
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what are the 2 linguistic behaviors that tend to be part of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)
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inconsistent production of stress in tasks involving naming 2 syllable words and degree on variation in the timing of speech.
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