Communication 1

a flexible, muscular tube in the thoracic cavity that connects the pharynx to the stomach

A smooth muscle layer in the wall of the esophagus moves food with a series of strong, coordinated contractions

The peritoneum extends from the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity as a broad fatty pouch, supports and holds the stomach in position within the abdominopelvic cavity

,All of the arteries that bring blood to the stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas arise from this section of the aorta

An accessory organ of digestion that contributes to the process of digestion .The largest solid organ in the body and is located in the upper abdominal cavity

continuously produce bile, a yellow-brown or yellow-green, bitter-tasting, thick fluid. Bile produced by the liver flows through the hepatic ducts to the gallbladder

Regulates blood sugar and amino acid, releases glycogen when blood sugar is low

An accessory organ of digestion
Concentrates and stores the bile it receives from the liver. The presence of food in the duodenum causes the gallbladder to contract, sending bile down the cystic duct, into the common bile duct, and then into the duodenum
All of the ducts that carry bile are collectively known as the biliary tree

An accessory organ of digestion
Releases several digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum .Functions as an organ of the endocrine system

Mechanical
Chemical

mastication and peristalsis in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines

action of enzymes and acid that break down foods into molecules of nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body

Amylase
Lipase
Protease

Lactase

without eating

difficulty eating. Ex. Following stroke

excessive overeating

indigestion

secondary to excessive acid or spicy food

virus or bacteria

chronic heartburn - temporary

vomiting of blood

weakness of diaphragm, stomach balloons into thoracic cavity

erosion of the mucosa

Appendicitis – right lower quadrant
Colic, Colon cancer, Diverticulosis
Dysentery – E Coli
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Chronic inflammation of the intestines; Crohn’s disease
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) – spasms of the colon, Polyps

A diverticulum becomes infected when feces and bacteria become trapped inside it. Polyps are irritated by the passage of feces, and they can eventually become cancerous.

accumulation of fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity secondary to liver disease

– degeneration, scarring

chronic liver disease
Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E

an acute but short-lived infection caused by exposure to water or food that is contaminated with feces from a person who is already infected with the hepatitis A virus (HAV)

an acute infection, caused by exposure to the blood of a person who is already infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV); exposure can occur during blood transfusions or contact with contaminated instruments or needles

It is also spread during sexual activity by contact with saliva and vaginal secretions

an acute infection that is caused by exposure to the blood of a person who is already infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV); (eg., by drug addicts sharing needles)

is not readily transmitted by sexual activity or from a mother to her fetus

is the most important cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer

is a secondary infection by a mutated hepatitis virus, It develops only in patients who already have hepatitis B; it is also known as delta hepatitis

is similar to hepatitis A, but rarely occurs in the United States

procedure to identify polyps, diverticula, ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer

radiologic procedure used to identify stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts or thickening of the gallbladder wall

insertion of a nasogastric tube used to drain secretions from the stomach or give feedings to the patient on a temporary basis

procedure to remove the appendix

procedure to remove a small piece of tissue for examination to look for abnormal or cancerous cells

procedure to remove the diseased part of the colon and create a new opening in the abdominal wall where feces can leave the body

procedure that uses an endoscope to internally examine the gastrointestinal tract

procedure that uses an abdominal incision to widely open the abdominopelvic cavity so that it can be explored

head and neck and includes the nose, nasal cavity, and the pharynx (throat)

ENT (ears, nose, and throat) system

neck and thoracic cavity and includes the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm

Brings oxygen into the body and expels the waste product carbon dioxide

a common passageway for inhaled air, exhaled air, and ingested food

Mucous membranes of the pharynx warm and moisten the inhaled air and trap inhaled particles

A passageway for inhaled and exhaled air, remains open during respiration and speech, allowing air to pass through the vocal cords

muscles in the neck pull the larynx up to meet the epiglottis, and seal off the larynx, so that food moves across the top of the epiglottis and into the esophagus, not into the larynx

A passageway for both inhaled and exhaled air. A column of C-shaped rings of cartilage that provide support to the trachea, very flexible and can flatten to make room when a large amount of food passes through the esophagus

Spongy, air-filled structures that fill either side of the thoracic cavity
Each lung contains large divisions known as lobes Right 3 Left 2

inhalation or inspiration

exhalation or expiration

The respiratory control center in the brain regulates the depth and rate of respirations

The brain sends nerve impulses to the phrenic nerve, causing the diaphragm to contract and initiate inspiration

A normal depth and rate of respiration

Asthma
Bronchitis

chronic loss of elasticity of the bronchi and bronchioles. Large amount of mucous are formed. Most commonly seen with cystic fibrosis (CF).

collapsed lung

chronic bronchitis or emphysema, chronic exposure to pollutant or smoke. Air can be inhaled but not exhaled

inherited

pus secondary to infection

damaged alveoli, traps air in lung

severe bacterial infection through air/vents.

inflammation or infection of the lobes of the lungs

Bacterial pneumonia, Viral pneumonia
Walking pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Aspiration pneumonia, Lobar pneumonia
Double pneumonia

viral

bacterial, spread by coughing, may lay dormant for years

Hemothorax
Pleural effusion
Pleurisy - pleuritis
Pneumothorax

without oxygen

blue color of tissue with low 02 levels

high level of CO2 in arterial blood

low blood oxygen

blood test to measure the levels of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in a sample of arterial blood

blood test to measure the level of carbon monoxide in the blood

procedures to measure the capacity of the lungs and the volume of air that the lungs can move during inhalation and exhalation

diagnostic procedure to measure the degree of oxygen saturation in the patient’s blood and the heart rate

procedure that uses a stethoscope to listen to the breath sounds in the various lobes of both lungs

procedure to ventilate the lungs and artificially circulate the blood if the patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped

procedure that inserts an endotracheal tube between the vocal cords in the larynx in order to establish an airway

procedure to assist a choking victim with a complete obstruction somewhere between the pharynx and the lungs

given to patients with pulmonary disease

medical procedure during a physical examination in which the temperature, pulse, and respirations are measured

procedure to examine the trachea and bronchi

procedure to remove air or blood from the thoracic cavity due to trauma or infection

procedure that involves removal of part or all of a lung

Antibiotic drugs, Antitubercular drugs, Antitussive drugs, Bronchodilator drugs,Corticosteroid drugs – asthma, COPD
Expectorant drugs – decreases thickness of mucous
Mast cell stabilizer drugs – decreases histamine release, used for asthma