Contraception

- prevention fertilization

- disruption of preembryo transportation

- disruption of implantation

55% unmarried women
30% married women

- oral contraceptives for unmarried

- female tied tubes/male vasectomy for married couples

Developed countries: oral, condom, female tube tying

Developing countries: female tube tying, UID, pill

- Minipill

- Combination pill

1. Ovulation prevented

2. Cervical mucus thick -> sperm transportation difficult

3. Changes endometrium -> problems w/ implantation

Mimicks negative feeback ->
< GnRH = like luteal phase

Inhibits 3rd follicle growth ->
- prevention est peak
- postive feeback of est
- GnRH, FSH, LH surge
- OVULATION

- oral
- transdermal (patch)
- injectable
- intradermal

Diphasic: different levels, more accuratly mimic of human body

99%

1% might be due to wrong intake.

- Weight gain
- Mood changes
- Breast tenderness
- Dysmenorrhea

- small increased risk of breast cancer
- women at risk (smoking/history/etc): > cardiovascular
- however, also studies that slow lower cardiovascular diseases for other women.

- < ovarian cancer risk
- < endometrial cancer risk
- alliviate: acne, heavy menstruation, PMS

- Lower dosis
- Fewer side effects
- Taken if women can't take est

- Higher failure rate: 0.5-10%

Pro and/or Est: soon as possible after unproteceted sex.

2 types approven: Plan B and Preven

Dose 1: asap, 2nd: 12 hours later

Effectiveness (within 72 h taken): Plan B: 89%, Preven: 75%

Transdermal Pro/est for a week and then replacing.

(also ring = transdermal)

high efficacy rate

- 90 days
- monthly shot
- larger side effects

Yams from which progesterone is derived.

Intrauterine devises.

T shaped and flexible. Copper and progesterone.

1. < sperm motility (lower sperm counts in uterus and cervix)

2. interfere with ovum development/maturation

3. cause inflammation + attracts wbcs

copper: 96-99% for 10 years

progesterone: 94-98% for 5 years

- abdominal cramping
- > menstrual bleeding
- pelvic infection (though not any more with modern ones)

NOT POPULAR IN US

1. barrier for sperm transport
2. kill sperm cells

By disrupting structure sperm

Applied in various forms in vagina next to cervix.

Very HIGH failure rate if used alone (3-21%)

thin rubber cap over flixible wire ring that is placed in upper vagina to block external os.

Failure rate: 3-18%

Efficacy > with spermacides

Over cervix, difficult to insert + irritate cervix.

Together with spermiced > efficacy.

Withdrawal penis before ejaculation.

Pre-ejaculatory fluid

High failure rate (4-18%)

Reservatus: Loss of erection w/o ejaculation while in the vagina.

Obstructus: pressure prevents ejaculation during orgasm -> retroejaculation.
- > chance bladder infection


BOTH: HIGH FAILURE RATE

8 days.

- sperm: survive 7 days.
- ovum: upto 1 day after ovulation

Aim at preventing pregnancy by calculating fertile periods.
- Calender
- Temperature
- Mucus
- Sympto-Thermo

ALL HIGH FAILURE RATE!

- Female tubal tying (50% reversal). Oviducts tied back.
By Laparotomy, Laparoscopy, Hysteroscopic tubal sterilization: soft metal
coils are inserted through the vagina, uterus, and
into the proximal oviduct where it induces scar
tissue formation, which closes the tubes)

- Male vasectomy (50% reversal) Excision and tying of each vas deferens -> blocks the transport of newly
formed sperm

Male/female

- barrier
- also prevent many STDs

1. Condom
2. Abstinence
3. Vasectomy
4. Spermicides
5. Coitus interuptus
(6. pill?)

Tripterygium wolfordii is a medicinal
plant from China.
inhibit sperm
production in human males without
effects on testosterone, LH, FSH,
sex drive, or ability to achieve and
erection