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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the equation for molarity?
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molarity = moles of solute/liters of solution
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expresses the concentration of a solution of a solution in terms of volume
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molarity
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expresses concentration in terms of mass of a solvent
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molality
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What is the equation for molality?
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molality = moles of solute/kilograms of solvent
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What are the two ways in which molarity and molality differ?
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-molarity tells you about moles of solute per volume of the entire solution
-molality tells you about moles of solute per mass of the solvent |
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gives the fraction of moles of a given substance out of hte total moles present in a sample
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mole fraction
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What is the equation for mole fraction?
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mole fraction = moles of substance S/total number of moles in solution
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What is the basic rule for remembering which solute will dissolve in which solvents?
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like dissolves like
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when an ionic substance dissolves, it breaks up into ions
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dissociation
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free ions in a solution called ____ because they can conduct electricity
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electrolytes
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tells how many ions one unit of a substance will dissociate into in solution
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van't Hoff factor
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are properties of a solution that depend on the number of solute particles in the solution
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colligative properties
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What is the boiling-point elevation equation?
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ΔT = ik(subscript b)m
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What is the symbol for the van't Hoff factor?
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i
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What is the symbol for the boiling-point elevation constant for the solvent?
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k(subscript b)
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What is the symbol of molality?
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m
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What is the equation for freezing-point depression?
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ΔT = ik(subscript f)m
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What is the symbol for the freezing point depression constant for the solvent?
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k (subscript f)
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When solute is added to a solution what happens to the boiling point? freezing point?
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increases
decreases |
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When solute is added to a solution what happens to the vapor pressure?
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The vapor pressure of the solution will decrease
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What is the equation for the vapor pressure lowering (raoult's law)?
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P = XP(degrees)
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What is the symbol for the vapor pressure of the solution?
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P
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What is the symbol for the vapor pressure of the pure solvent?
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P(degrees)
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What is the mole fraction of the solvent?
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X
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the pressure that must be applied to stop the following proccess:
when a pure solvent and a solution are separated by a membrane that allows solvent to pass through, the solvent will try to pass through the membrane to dilute the solution |
osmotic pressure
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What causes the osmotic pressure to increase?
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The greater the concentration of solute in the solution?
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What is the equation for osmotic pressure?
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λ = (nRT/V)i = MRTi
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What is the symbol for osmotic pressure?
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λ
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What is the symbol for moles of solute?
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n
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When can be salt considered "soluble"?
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if more than 1 gram of the salt can be dissolved in 100 mL of water
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What are the alkali metals? What is their solubility?
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Li^+, Na^+, K^+, Rb^+, Cs^+
All salts of the alkali metal are soluble |
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What is the solubility of ammonium?
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all ammonium salts are soluble
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What is the solubility of alkaline metals and transition metals?
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The solubility of these elements varies depending on the identity of the atom
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What are the anions that are mostly soluble?
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Nitrate (NO3^-)
Chlorate (ClO3^-) Perchlorate (ClO4^-) Acetate (C2H3O2^-) Chloride, Bromide, Iodide (Cl^-, Br^-, I^-) Sulfate (SO4^2-) |
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What are the exceptions to the anions that are mostly soluble?
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Ag^+, Pb^2+, Hg2^2+, Ca^2+, Sr^2+, and Ba^2+
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What is hydroxide's solubility?
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Hydroxide salts are insoluble
EXCEPT for those containing alkali metals AND those containing Ca^2+, Sr^2+, and Ba^2+ |
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What is the solubility of carbonate, phosphate, sulfite, and chromate?
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All are insoluble.
Except for those containing alkali metals and ammonium |
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What is sulfide's solubility?
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Insoluble
Except for those containing alkali metals, alkaline earths, and ammonium |
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The lower the temperature and the higher the pressure of the gas...
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the more soluble the gas will be
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