criminology 2

genetic make up of a cell, organism, or an individual

observable characteristic or trait

genotype is what causes your phenotype, genotype is in your genetic make up which leads to your phenotype

1> Family Studies
Strength: Can be used to rule out genes and shared environment when relatives are not similer
Limitation: Cannot control for shared environment when relatives are similar
2. Adoption studies

Strength:can identify genetic or environmental influences
Limitation: it cannot identify both
3. Twin Studies

Strength: Can identify both genetic and environmental influences
Limitation: does not identify specific genes of interest

Base of the skull and it is the most primitive region and its responsible for basic functions such as breathing sleeping eating and mating

center of the brain which is responsible for great deal of sensory imput (visual and auditory.

upper most region of the brain and it is most evolved. responsible for higher reasoning and decision making

deals with emotions, regulates blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar, hormones. communicates with frontal cortex and other regions with emotional signals in reason to help decision making. it is below the large cerebral cortex. deals with motivation, bonding , appetite as well.

Amygdala
The hippocampus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland

Corpus Callosum

1. Temperal Lobe
Location: right above ears
Functions: hearing and auditory functions, and speech comprehension

2. Parietal Lobe
Location: the back top
Functions: voluntary motor activites involving goal directed movements, and manipulation of objects. Touch and sensation. Responsible for integrating various messages from senses to create comprehensible representations of a single concept or memory

3.Frontal Lobe
Location: right behind forehead
Functions: Thought, intellect, personality, memory, motorskills, conscious thoughts, adeptations and decision making.

4. Occipital
Location: lower back just above cerebellum
Functions: deals with visual cortex, interprets any sensory information from the eyes

CT scan, Computerized Temography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Position Emission Temography (PET)
Single Photon Emission Temography (SPECT)

(fMRI)

Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord- responsible for coordinating muscles in our concious. deals with voluntary motor skils

Peripheral Nervous System- consists of bundles of neurons and neuronal processes but basically connects the body to the central nervous system. carries any sensory signals.

Emphasis on interaction between two essential function systems of the brain.
Behavioral Approach- people sense to drive to seek out reward or satisfaction. our motivation and sesation seeking behavior is based off brain activities and chemicals in the brain.
Behavioral Inhibition- where chemicals reduce behavior and they calm you down in some sort of way. Can be shown to show criminality, whether one is higher than the other or vise versa it can lead to mental disorders.

Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

1. Neutron fires
2. vesicle releases neurotransmitter and leaves cell
3. neurotransmitter binds with the receptor then initiates a cascade of chemical events in the next cell
4. excess neurotransmitters are chewed up by enzymes and/or taken back by the neuron where they will be degraded by enzymes.

a biological chemical that carries the impulse from one neuron to the other

Acetylcholine- sleeping and stress
Dopamine- cognitive functioning as well as aggression and violence
Norephinephrine- hormone which deals flight or fight and adrenaline
Gaba
Serotonin- regulates behavior
Monoamine Oxidise- degration of neurotransmitters.

1. genes do not account for 100 percent of behavioral traits
2. genetic influence on traits is not the same across time
3. genetic influence specific to the population of study
4. although brain structure is genetically determined the element is influenced by enviroment

correlation between someones genes and the environment and how they react and respond to eachother.

1. Active- selecting enviroments based on traits
2. Passive- when environment and gene factors match without ever picking the environment
3. Evocative- relationship of gene, environment and behavior are complicated and that genetic traits can have differential enviroment responses

When an environment produces different responses across genotypes. The correlation is the gene to the environment. And the interation is the gene to the environment.

Not just our genetic make up but the genetic make up of our ancestors.

Reproduction and Survival