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Application layer
user service (e.g. email, file transfer, remote login)
broadcast
process whereby a message sent by one network station is received at all other stations
circuit switched network
provides a continuous connection in the medium from sender to receiver over a path that is established at call setup time (e.g. the telephone system)
Data Link Control Layer
framing, error and flow control, medium access control (MAC) sublayer sometimes required (e.g. for LANs)
gateways
router that acts as the entry point to a subnet; used particularly to describe a router providing access to a network that is an autonomous system
interface
point where two system elements come together; an example is the boundary between any two layers in a protocol stack
Internetworking
building networks of networks
intranets
corporate internets, which may or may not be connected with the Internet
layer
network software is organized as a series of these in order to reduce complexity; each one builds upon the one below it and offers services to the one above it; between each one is an interface
network architecture
set of layers and protocols
Network Layer
routing, congestion control
network services
consists of the functions that a layer offers to the layer immediately above it; formally specified set of primitives
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model for network layers
packet switched network
breaks information into discrete chunks called packets that may be individually routed, with successive packets between the same source-destination pair conceivably taking different routes
peer connection
virtual connection between protocols at the same level in the stack (it is virtual because, except at the physical layer, the data actually passes through other layers to complete communication
Physical layer
communications medium (wire, fiber, radio)
Presentation Layer
data transformation to and from internal form
private network
available only to a restricted group
protocol
rules for information transfer
public network
available to anybody who signs up and pays the bill
routers
computer that performs packet switching; that is forwarding arriving packets toward their destination
service
functionality offered by a protocol to the protocol in the layer above it
Session layer
synchronization, checkpoint, restart
switched
specific parties or receivers get the information - used by most WANs
Transport Layer
end to end error and flow control