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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the name for the tube that brings urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder? From the bladder to the outside world?
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ureter; urethra
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what is the definition of a kidney lobe?
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medullary pyramid and cortical tissue superior and including 1/2 of the lateral renal columns
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is the human kidney uni- or multilobar?
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multilobar
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the single renal artery branches into how many segmental arteries?
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5
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what is the term used to describe the fact that each segmental artery supplies a segment of the kidney that has no interconnections with adjacent arteries?
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end arterial system
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segmental arteries of the kidney branch into which arterial branches? Which features of the kidney do these connect?
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interlobar arteries; lobes
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interlobar arteries of the kidney branch to form which arterial branches? Where are these found?
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arcuate arteries; cortico-medullary border
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the arcuate branches of the renal arteries branch into what? In which part of the kidney are these found?
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interlobular; cortex
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into what do interlobular branches of renal artery eventually branch?
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afferent arteries to renal corpuscles for blood filtration
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the uriniferous tubule is divisible into which parts?
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nephron and collecting ducts which drain into nephron
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what are the 4 aspect of a nephron?
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renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, distal tubule, loop of Henle
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how many nephrons are found in each kidney?
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over a million
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80-85% of nephrons in each kidney begin where? Where do the remainder begin? What characterizes this second group?
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upper cortex; border of cortex and medulla; long loop of Henle
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what is the name for nephrons which begin in the upper cortex? At the border of the cortex and medulla?
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cortical nephrons; juxtamedullary nephrons
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the renal cortex is sibdivided into which areas? What is located at the center of these areas?
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lobules; medullary rays
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what represents a medullary ray?
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collecting tubules and straight portion of proximal and distal tubules
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by what is the medullary ray flanked on either side?
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cortical labyrinth
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what is the composition of the cortical labyrinth?
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renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
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by what are medullary rays bordered laterally?
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interlobular blood vessels
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what is the composition of the renal corpuscle?
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glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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what is the glomerulus?
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capillary tuft derived from an afferent arteriole branch of the intralobular arteries
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the intimate association of the glomerulus with Bowman's capsule creates a which three features?
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visceral layer of capsular cells applied to the surface of the glomerular capillary loops, a parietal layer of cells, and an intervening urinary (Bowman's) space into which the ultrafiltrate is expressed
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the cells comprising the visceral layer of capsular cells become what?
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highly-specialized podocytes
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what are the names for the primary and secondary processes of podocytes which form an elaborate wrapping around the capillary loops?
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pedicels
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which two structures are responsible for providing the major filtration barrier between the blood space and the urinary space?
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filtration slits and glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
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what is the purpose of the glomerular mesangial cells?
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to clean the GBM and regulate glomerular blood flow
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the glomerular filtrate enters which structure of the kidney where?
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proximal convoluted tubule at the urinary pole
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the PCT is characterized by which type of epithelium?
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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the cells of the PCT epithelium exhibit what feature that support which role of the PCT?
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brush border which supports the PCT role of resorption
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when the PCT resorbs, into which vessel do the resorption products enter? What is resorbed in this process?
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peritubular capillaries; water, salts, proteins, sugars, and other constituents of the glomerular filtrate that the body chooses to retain
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where in the nephron is tubular secretion seen?
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PCT
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what is another name for the straight portion of the PCT?
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thick descending limb of the loop of Henle
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from where does the thick descending limb of the loop of Henle go?
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into a thin descending limb of the loop of Henle
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in which part of the kidney is the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle found?
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renal medulla
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the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is characterized by which type of epithelium? It is known to be permeable to what?
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simple squamous epitheliluml; permeabiity
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the fluid in the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle comes into equilibrium with what?
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surrounding interstitial tissue
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what is special about the relationship of the ascending thin limb of the loop of Henle?
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it is impermeable to water
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is the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle permeable to water?
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yes
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the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle actively pumps what into the interstitium? Of what is this essential to the creation?
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sodium; hyperosmotic renal medulla
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what is the name for the segment of the loop of Henle following the thick limb?
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distal convoluted tubule
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of what type of epithelium is the DCT composed?
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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how can one tell the difference between cells of the DCT and cells of the PCT?
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DCT cells are somewhat smaller than those of PCTs and they lack a brush border characteristic of the proximal tubule
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what is the name for the specialization of the DCT which is seen where the tubule comes in close contact with the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle?
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macula densa
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the DCT's flow into where? And from there into where?
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cortical collecting tubules; collecting ducts
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the collecting ducts descend from where to where?
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cortex to apex of renal pyramid
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what are the names for the largest collecting ducts? Where do they open up?
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ducts of Bellini; at the area cribrosa of the renal papilla
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the epithelium of the collecting tubules/ducts is distinguished by the presence of what?
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prominent intercellular borders
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what are the 3 major components of the juxtoglomerular apparatus?
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macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells
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what are juxtaglomerular cells?
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a population of modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole (and sometimes in the efferent arteriole)
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what does the JGA monitor?
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filtrate volume passing through the nehron and sodium concentrations
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which aspect of the JGA detects drops in fluid volume or decreased sodium levels?
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cells of the macula dense
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cells of the macula densa trigger secretion of what upon detection of low fluid volume or low sodium level?
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renin
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what is the name of the pathway through which angiotensin II is eventually produced?
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renin-angiotensin pathway
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angiotensin II triggers the production of which hormone by the adrenal cortex?
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aldosterone
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where does aldosterone act? What does it do?
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DCT; enhance its resorption of sodium which can lead to expansion of the fluid volume.
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the action of ADH regulates the water permeability of what?
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collecting tubules
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the diuretic condition which exists in the absence of ADH allows for what?
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large volumes of dilute urine can be excreted thus eliminating excess extracellular fluid from the body
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the ability of the kidney to resorb water depends on what?
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a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium which is generated and maintained by active sodium transport by the ascending thick limb
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the countercurrent exchange mechanism is afforded by the architecture of what?
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medullary blood vessels (vasa recta)
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what is the name for the epithelium of the calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder?
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transitional or uroepithelium
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how does one identify a relaxed bladder histologically?
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transitional epithelium with pillow-like apical surface
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by what is the transitional epithelium supported?
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lamina propria and external smooth muscle
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how are transitional epitheial cells able to alter their morphology?
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alternating patches of thickened and thinned-out membrane that allow the membrane to stretch and fold in accordion-like fashion
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