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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the pelvis made of?
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- 2 os coxa bones
- sacrum - united in the front by cartilage joint (pubic symphysis) |
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Why is there a rough surface on the pelvis?
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That's where powerful muscles attach
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Why is the inside of the pelvis smooth?
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It holds the bladder and rectal area
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Why is the area of the pelvis dense?
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Because of the stress of the weight it carries and distributes to the legs
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Why does the pelvis move as a single unit?
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The ligaments surround the pelvic girdle and restrict movement
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Because the pelvis moves as a single unit, what do dancers do to facilitate positional changes?
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They use the lumbrosacral joint
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What are the 3 bony plates on the os coxa bones?
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- ilium
- ischium - pubis |
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What is another name we use for our "sitz bones"?
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ischial tuberosity
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What joint is there in the pelvis that does not move, or causes severe pain when it does?
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Sacroiliac joint
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What is the name of the thigh socket?
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Acetabulum
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What is the fovea capitis?
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The small pit in the center of the femur head
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What is the angle of inclination?
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The angle created by the head, neck, and shaft of the femur
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Where is the iliopsoas bursa and what does it do?
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- Below psoas major
- It protects the muscle from contracting over the bone, and prevents inflammation |
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Where is the ischiogluteal muscle?
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Between the ischial tuberosity and the gluteal muscles
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Where are the three parts in the hip that move?
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- The sacrum and the 5th lumbar
- right hip joint (femur/acetabulum) - left hip joint (femur/acetabulum) |
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What is the possible movement of the thigh joint when the pelvis end is stable?
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- Flexion
- Extension - Abduction - Adduction - Internal rotation - External rotation - Circumduction |
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What is the possible movement of the thight joint when the femur end is stable?
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- Flexion
- Extension - Adduction - Abduction |
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During the walking gait, what happens to the pelvis?
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It rotates
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What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?
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- The male's is more vertical, narrow, parallel, and has a smaller Q-angle
- The female's is more broad, and open |
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Why is the female's pelvis broader and more open than the male's?
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- The angle of the sciatic notch
- The sacrum is wider and broader |
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What are the 3 ligaments of the hip joint?
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- Ischiofemoral
- Pubofemoral - Iliofemoral |
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Where is the ischiofemoral ligament?
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- Posterior side of hip joint
- Spans between ischium and back of femoral neck |
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What does the ischiofemoral ligament prevent?
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- Posterior displacement of femur
- Internal hip rotation - Horizontal adduction |
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Where is the pubofemoral ligament?
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- Lower anterior side of hip joint
- Runs between pubic bone and area near lesser trochanter |
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What does the pubofemoral ligament prevent?
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- Hip abduction
- External hip rotation - Hip extension |
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What is another term for the iliofemoral ligament?
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The "Y" ligament
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What is the strongest ligament in the body?
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The iliofemoral, or "Y" ligament
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What does the iliofemoral ligament do/prevent?
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- Keeps the femur head in place
- Prevents: - Trunk from falling backwards - Anything involving bringing the leg behind the body (tendu, arabesque, etc.) - Limits: - Hip hyperextension - TURNOUT! |
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Where is the iliofemoral ligament located?
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Spirals inferiorly from the anterior inferior iliac spine, diverges into 2 bands and attaches at upper and lower portions of intertrochanteric line
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How does the iliofemoral ligament allow a stance to be maintained?
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It becomes taut with hip extension
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How do dancers cheat to get the movement the iliofemoral ligament prevents?
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- Strech it to gain a 40 degree hip hyperextension
- Anteriorly tilt the pelvis to acheive greater turnout |
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What are the anterior muscles of the hip?
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- Psoas major
- Iliacus - Iliopsoas - Sartorius - Rectus femorus |
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Why is the iliopsoas a big deal?
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- One of the most powerful muscles in the body
- Most important muscle in hip flexion - Only muscle that attaches on spine, pelvis, and femur - For dancers, it allows for beautiful extensions |
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Because of the position of the iliopsoas, what does it do?
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It produces movement, stabilizes the hip, and affects the position of the lumbar spine
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What are the characteristics of the sartorius?
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- Long, less strong muscle
- Designed for speed, not strength - May be a reason for common strains in this area - Flexes hip when knee is stable - May tip pelvis forward if shortened |
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What are the abducters of the hip?
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- Tensor fascia lata
- Superior anterior gluteus maximus - Gluteus medius - Gluteus minimus |
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What does the tensor fascia lata do?
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Helps move the leg forward when walking
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What is the largest of the lateral muscles?
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Gluteus medius
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Which muscle is the most fundamental hip abducter?
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Gluteus medius
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Which muscle keeps the hips from moving too far out when walking?
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Gluteus minimus
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On a stable leg, which muscles abduct the pelvis?
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- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus |
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What are the adducters of the hip?
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- Gracilis
- Pectineus - Adductor longus - Adductor brevis - Adductor magnus |
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What is the most medial of thigh muscles?
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Gracilis
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What is the smallest and deepest muscle?
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Pectineus
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What muscle do you use to cross your legs?
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Pectineus
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Which adductor is the most anterior and superior?
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Adductor longus
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Which adductor is smaller, deeper, and located above and behind the longus?
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Adductor brevis
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Which adductor has 2 separate sets of actions?
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Adductor magnus
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Which muscle clusters work together to keep the pelvis level, and bring you to an upright position?
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Adductors and abductors
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What are the posterior extensors?
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- Gluteus muscles
- Hamstrings |
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What are the deep external rotators?
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- Obturator internis
- Superior gemellus - Obturator externus - Inferior gemellus - Quadratus femoris - Piriformis |
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In which direction do the rotators primarily run?
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Horizontally
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What do the rotators prevent in hip abduction?
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Upward jamming of the femur
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What is the largest and most superficial of the gluteus muscles?
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Gluteus maximus
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For what kind of movement is the gluteus maximus crucial for?
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Those requiring large amounts of force, such as running, jumping, going up stairs, etc.
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What is contained in the hamstring complex?
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- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus - Biceps femoris |
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What is the attachment for all the hamstrings?
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Ischial tuberosity
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Which muscle complex's function is considered more postural and fine tuned?
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Hamstrings
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What constitutes flexion at the hip?
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Movement of either lever that lessens the anterior angle between the pelvis and the femur
- There is one position of extension, but an infinite number of flexion |
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What is rotation at the hip?
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The infinite number of positions of inward and outward rotation
- There is only one neutral position; "parallel" |
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What is abduction of the hip?
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Any movement of either lever that decreases the lateral angle
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What is adduction of the hip?
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Any movement of either lever that increases the lateral angle
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What is the body's natural turnout?
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- Thigh joint: 65-70 degrees
- Ankle joint: 5-10 degrees - Knee joint: 10-15 degrees |
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Why do we desire turnout?
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- Aesthetics
- Greater base of support - Better flexibility in battements |
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We need to stop emphasizing the ____ of turnout, and emphasize instead the _____/______.
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- Size
- Strength/power |
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The extent of turnout is determined by:
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- Bony structures
- Ligaments - Muscles |
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What are the 4 factors that determine turnout?
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- Depth and shape of the acetabulum
- Angle of femoral torsion - Angle of inclination - "Y" ligament |
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What are the two acetabular facings?
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Interior and lateral
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At what age is the position of the acetabulum fixed and determined?
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3 years old
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Forward facing acetabulums allow for better efficiency in what?
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Walking and running
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From which view can you see the angle of femoral torsion?
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From above (the transverse plane)
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What are the two possible angles of femoral torsion?
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Anteverted and retroverted
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What is the angle of femoral torsion created by?
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The line through the neck and the shaft of the femur
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What is a normal degree of femoral torsion?
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8-12 degrees
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What is the anteverted angle of femoral torsion?
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When the orientation of the femur neck is posterior to the frontal plane (it angles back)
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Which angle of femoral torsion causes less turnout?
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Anteverted
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What misalignments of the hip can anteverted femoral torsion cause?
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- Lumbar lordosis
- Increased Q angle - Patellar problems - Foot pronation |
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What is the retroverted angle of femoral torsion?
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When the femur neck is inclined forward, allowing for greater turnout
"turning backwards" or out-toeing |
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What is the single most important factor in one's ability to turn out?
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Having a retroverted angle of femoral torsion
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At what age is the angle in the femur neck determined, and why?
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17 years old; because the pelvis is the last thing in the body to stop growing
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Where is the angle of inclination seen?
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From the front (frontal plane)
|
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What are the two individual differences in the angle of inclination?
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- Coxa vara
- Coxa valga |
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What are the characteristics of coxa vara?
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- The angle of inclination is abnormally decreased
- Greater risk of fracture - Limits abduction - Tends to produce genu valgum |
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What are the characteristics of coxa valga?
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- Angle of inclination is abnormally decreased
- Helps with abduction - Tend to produce genu varum |
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What is the only way to change the degree of hip turnout past the age of 12-13?
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Stretching the ligaments
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When is the "Y" ligament at its point of maximum tension?
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When the thigh joint is extended and externally rotated (in 1st position)
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When does the "Y" ligament become slack, allowing for greater range of motion?
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When the joint is flexed, adducted, and internally rotated
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What are the dangers of stretching the "Y" ligament? And why do dancers do this?
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Stretching causes:
- Micro tearing - Scarring - Sublaxation and dislocation - Osteoarthritis Dancers do this to achieve greater turnout |
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How can dancers increase their turnout by safely using their full potential?
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- Specific flexibility exercises
- Using correct technique |
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Why is the frog stretch bad?
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- Tightens lower back extensors
- Puts pressure on medial knee |
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How long does it take stress fractures to heal?
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2-6 months
|
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What are the 7 risk factors for getting a stress fracture?
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- High intensity training
- Hard training surface - Poor nutrition - Osteoporosis - External rotation of the hip beyond 65 degrees - Muscle fatigue - Poor shock absorption |
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What are the symptoms of a stress fracture?
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- Site pain, worsened with weight bearing
- Pain increases at the beginning of class, decreases during (while warm), and increases again after |
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What is osteoarthritis?
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A progressive thinning and wearing away of the articular cartilage of the hip, and the associated inflammation
|
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What kind of pain is associated with osteoarthritis?
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- Dull, aching pain in the groin, outer thigh, or buttocks
- Lower back pain |
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What restrictions occur due to osteoarthritis?
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- Loss of hip range of motion
- Shortened hip flexors |
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What is one of the most common injuries of pelvis and hip?
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Hip muscle strain
|
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When is iliopsoas tendonitis particularly vulnerable?
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When the hip is flexed, abducted, and externally rotated
|
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What kind of hip injury accounts for half of all hip injuries?
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Snapping hip
|
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How does internal snapping hip occur?
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The iliopsoas tendon snaps over the femoral head and hip capsule
|
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What occurs during lateral snapping hip?
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The IT band moves over the greater trochanter of the femur
|
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Who is more at risk for lateral snapping hip syndrome?
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Those with:
- A wide pelvis; prominent trochanter - Ligamental laxity - Weak hip abductors |
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What is trochanteric bursitis associated with?
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Lateral snapping hip syndrome
|
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How does trochanteric bursitis occur?
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As the IT band snaps over the femur, it rubs against the trochanteric bursa, which can then become inflamed
|
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What are some of the results of trochanteric bursitis?
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- Lower back pain
- Tendonitis - Arthritis - Hip degeneration |
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What is caused by increased pelvic inclination, and why?
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Lumbar lordosis; the sacrum is forced forward, pushing the lumbar forward
|
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What 5 muscles hold the pelvis in position?
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- Rectus abdominus
- Gluteus maximus - Hamstrings - Femoris/sartorius - Back extensor |
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If the hamstrings are overstretched, what can they cause in the pelvis?
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Increased inclination
|
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If the hamstrings are too tight, what can they cause in the pelvis?
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Decreased inclination
|
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What muscles work opposite the abdominals?
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Back extensors
|
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What two muscle complexes stabilize the pelvis?
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Hamstrings and abdominals
|
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What two things cause the hip flexors to shorten?
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- Lots of sitting
- Forced turnout |
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What muscles are forced to grip when the hip flexors are short, and what does this cause the knees to do?
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- Gluteus maximus, and quadriceps
- The knees bend |
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In palpation, where can tendonitis in the hip flexors be felt?
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In the sartorius and the rectus femoris
|
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How does tendonitis in the psoas occur?
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- Due to the inguinal ligament (which acts like a retinaculum)
- Muscle becomes swollen, inflamed, and tight |
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If the _____/_____ is too tight, it may roll/rub against the joint capsule.
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Iliacus/psoas
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