- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
describe the breast as a modified tissue
|
is a modified area of skin with speciliased sweat glands
capable of producing nutritional secretions under hormonal influence |
|
what forms from the downgrowth of skin when forming breast tissue?
|
epithelial pit and then a lactiferous duct
|
|
what is the milk line
|
a line down the body where accessory nipples may develop
|
|
what 2 cells are found in the epidermis?
|
keratocytes - produce keratin
melanocytes: produce melanin |
|
what could a downgrowth of skin turn into?
|
sweat gland
hair follicle sebacious gland apocrine gland |
|
which type of gland is modified to make breast tisuse
|
sweat gland
|
|
why is the skin colour of the nipple important?
|
a baby can recognise the nipple
|
|
describe a typical sweat gland
|
lumen with cells lining it
mypoepithelial cells around the outside |
|
what is the difference between a sweat gland and a lactiferous duct
|
lactiferous duct is stratified columnar cells
also has myoepithelial cells around it |
|
describe the anatomy of the breast`
|
2nd - 6th ribs
over pec major 12 - 20 lobes, with lobules each lobe has lactiferous duct which opens into a ring septa between lobes |
|
what separates the lobes of a breast?
|
septa
|
|
how are septa attached to the skin?
|
Coopers suspensory ligaments
fibrocollagenous bands |
|
what is a mammary duct?
|
an extralobular duct coming from a lactiferous dinus
|
|
describe, from out to in, the different ducts of the breasts
|
lactiferous duct, lactiferous sinus/ampulla, mamaary duct (extralobular duct), terminal intralobular duct, terminal ductule
|
|
which ducts transform into alveoli during and when do they do this?
|
terminal ductules
at pregnancy |
|
describe the areola
|
an area of pigmentation
sebacious glands raised area pressure receptors |
|
what surrounds lactiferous ducts / sinuses?
|
muscle bundles
|
|
how many lobes in a breast?
|
12 - 20
|
|
describe breast tissue in an infant / neonate?
|
simple ductal system
no alveoli similar in males and females develops ductal system in 3rd trimester |
|
describe breast tissue in puberty
|
influence of oestrogen and progesteorne
increase in fat and collagenous tisuse branching of ductal system |
|
what happens to fetal breast tissue?
|
subject to high hormone levels
grows and retracts may influence risk of breats cancer |
|
what is resting breast tissue?
|
breast tissue between babies or at menopause
|
|
what are the cyclic changes a womann may experience in brast tissue?
|
increase in size and tenderness premenstrually
|
|
do males get a ductal system?
|
yes
|
|
what is found in the lumen of an adult breast?
|
keratin plug
|
|
what does the lactiferous duct usualyl contain?
|
proteinacious sercretion and cellular debris
|
|
what is the role of progesterone in pregnancy?
|
maintains endothelium
prevents ovulation stimulates breast development inhibits immune rejection of embryo |
|
what is the role of estrogens in pregnancy
|
relaxation of pubis symphysis
proliferation of breast role in partuirition - E/P ratio |
|
descrive breast tissue in pregnancy?
|
switch from ductule to alveolar system
secretion distends alveolar lumen oestrogen, progesterone and prolacting all affect tissue vacuoles and fat droplets form increase in vascularity increasing lipid rich protein secretions - not true milk |
|
what is the difference between alveoli and terminal ductules?
|
lumen distended iwth secretion
more complex and branched secretory |
|
in osmium tetraoxide, what colour is protein?
|
pink
|
|
in osmium tetraoxide, what colour is fat?
|
black
|
|
how is fat synthesized and secreted?
|
by SER
passes in membrane bound droplets pinched off, released into lumen as droplet |
|
how is protein released?
|
exocytosis - as free protein
|
|
which receptors must be activated for milk secretion to occur?
|
prolacting
|
|
what are the characteristics of resting breast
|
alveoli still distinguisable
evidence of atrophy hypoxia of alveoli has caused involution - return to ductal system |
|
what hormone level change causes lactation to occur?
|
drop in oestrogen and progesterone
|
|
what happens to alveoli when they begin to lactate?
|
become enlarged
|
|
describe the suckling reflex?
|
baby orders next meal when suckling
stimulates ant. pituitary to release prolacting acts on cells to increase milk production |
|
what is the milk ejection reflex?
|
let down reflex
suckling stimulates oxytocin production from hypothalamu and release from pituitary stimulate muscle contraction - peristalsis |
|
what stimulates the milk ejection reflex?
|
sucking
when lactation established, can be just baby's cry |
|
what is the MER turned down by?
|
anxiety / stress
|
|
describe colustrum
|
breast milk in 1st week
high protein content high IgG content high levels of fat soluble vitamins |
|
describe transitional millk
|
2nd and 3rd week
higher calories less IgG fat and protein lactose water soluble vitamins |
|
describe mature milke
|
high water, fat and carbohydrate
lactose vitamins A and D |
|
what is lactose important for?
|
encourages lactobacillus - decrease pathogenic bacteria
galactose: for myelin sheath |
|
what imunoglobulins are in breast milk?
|
secretory IgA (most)
IgG |
|
what is the immunological advantage of breast feeing?
|
protection agains otitis media, sepsis, meningitis, Gi and respiratory infections, allergies
secretory IgA: antiviral, antibiotic, antigenic inhibition |
|
what are the functions of IgA
|
antiviral
antibiotic antigenic inhibition |
|
what is nutrient sensing?
|
when baby senses nutrional environment
affects metabolic programming mismatch can cause CV risk |
|
what are the three main advantages of breast feeding?
|
immunological
nutrient sensing psychosocial |
|
describe disadvantages of breast feeding?
|
1) drugs and alcohol passed on
2) diseases eg AIDS 3) jaundice from breast milk 4) mothers aversion / physical / mental state |
|
describe post partuiritional behaviour?
|
social, clingy, need for contact, warmth, comfort and food
|
|
what is weaning behaviour
|
gradual gain of independance
|
|
what is gestational preparatory behaviour:
|
nesting
|
