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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The same cells divide the same way in every individual in the species.
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Invariant cell lineage
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Germ line (P4)
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Future sperm/ egg
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Death is the fate of some cells. A series of genes governs survival or death of each cell.
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Programmed cell death
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mRNA or protein placed by the mother into the egg for use by zygote/ embryo in its early development.
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Maternal product
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What genes control events in early embryogenesis?
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Maternal products control early patterning events
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Hermaphrodites whose offspring are all abnormal.
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Partitioning defect
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Cytoplasmic factors e.g. proteins or RNA, whose presence in a cell determines the fate it will acquire.
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Morphogenetic determinant
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Where do the par proteins localize in the cell?
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par-3: gene has unknown function (novel)
par-2: zinc binding protein, outermost cytoplasm of 1 cell par-1: serine/ threonine kinase - maternal |
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Cell obtains their fate "independently" of neighbors; cell fate based on cell-intrinsic information (within cell).
Particular cells may have "fixed" cell fates, internally controlled. |
Autonomous specification
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Extensive cell autonomous specification gives rise to a pattern of embryogenesis, has no ability to compensate if cells removed.
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Mosaic development
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Organism with both male and female reproductive organs.
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Hermaphrodite
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Waxy coat of a nematode.
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Hypodermis
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Reproductive system (U shaped in nematode).
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Gonad
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Body cavity
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Pseudocoelom
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Cell fates depend on interactions among cells, associated with variable cleavage patterns - no fixed cell fates.
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Conditional specification
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If some cells (fates) are missing, other neighboring cells make up the difference so you ultimately get a complete organism.
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Regulative development
(frog/ sea urchin) |
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Coordinate cell division and cytoplasmic localization, products are maternal.
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Par genes
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Act like a morphogenetic determinant of the germline.
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P granules
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Cells that determine other cells to adopt a certain fate.
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Founder cells
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Determine side of the organism, anterior - present, posterior - absent (sperm entry point).
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Pronucleus
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Each with a maturing oocyte and nurse cells, oogenesis occurs here
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Egg chamber
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Nuclei share a common cytoplasm, formed through superficial cleavage
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Syncitial blastoderm
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Created by cellularization, single layer of cells surround central yolk
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Cellular blastoderm
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Nuclei partitioned by invagination of cell membrane and associated microfilaments.
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Cellularization
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Future germ line encased at posterior end
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Pole cells
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Prospective mesoderm, invaginates and closes during gastrulation
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Ventral furrow
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Forms during gastrulation separating anterior end.
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Cephalic furrow
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ATPase, protein allowing for propulsion.
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Dynein
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?
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Kinesin
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Ectoderm + mesoderm that become the future trunk of the embryo, along the ventral midline
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Germ band
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?
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Follicle cells
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Another name for the epidermis.
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Cuticle
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Middle portion of an organisms body plan, wings located here.
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Thoracic segments
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Posterior to thorax, most posterior portion of a body plan, anterior to telson.
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Abdominal segments
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Mutation that kills the embryo.
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Embryonic lethal mutation
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Loss of structure and duplication of another.
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Loss of function mutation
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mRNA and protein gradients (anterior - posterior patterning).
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Maternal effect genes
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Zygotic, regulated in broad patches/ stripes of anterior - posterior patterning.
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Segmentation genes
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Expressed in segments, if missing effect that causes a loss of contiguous body segments.
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Gap genes
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Genes that show up in stripe patterns in every other parasegment (7 stripes) regulated by gap genes
- Segment polarity genes - Homeotic genes |
Pair-rule genes
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Expressed in 1/2 of each parasegments (anterior or posterior), regulated by upstream gradients/ stripes.
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Segment polarity genes
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?
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homeotic selector genes
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Morphogen for head structures (anterior morphogen).
- high: acron - med: head - low: thorax - none: abdomen/ telson |
Bicoid gene
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Morphogen for posterior structures.
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Nanos gene
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Activate head genes, repress abdominal genes, activated by bicoid.
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Hunchback gene
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?
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Larval acron
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?
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Larval telson
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Gap gene TF that represses transcription of eve (pair rule gene).
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Giant
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Genes responsible for the specification of body parts
- drastic mutant phenotypes |
Homeotic Complex (hom-c)
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Expression of genes, 1/2 of segments (anterior and posterior of another).
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Parasegments
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Represents morphological sections of larva anterior to posterior.
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Segments
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Bristled parts of segments.
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Denticles
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Part of Drosophila that help balance while flying (on 3rd thoracic segment), instead of 2 sets of wings.
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Haltere
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Repressed by knirps, activated by low hunchback gene, gap gene.
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Kruppel gene
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Even parasegments express pair rule genes.
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Fushi tarazu (ftz)
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Odd parasegments express pair rule genes.
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Even skipped (eve)
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Deletion of one segment that is transformed into another segment (3rd thorax into 2nd thorax - 2 sets of wings and no haltere).
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Ultrabithorax gene
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Codes for the development to legs in place of the antenna.
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Antennapedia gene
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"antenna feet" misexpression, legs rather than antennae grow from head sockets.
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Antennapedia complex
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Develop posterior portion of the body plan, where ulbrabithorax gene is expressed.
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Bithorax complex
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Outside factors, gradients, TF, other genes effect the segmentation of gene expression, each location on anterior/ posterior axis has a unique combination of amounts of 4 maternal factors.
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Cross regulation
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TF, dorsalized, specify ventral fates, cells move into nucleus on ventral side.
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Dorsal gene
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TF, ventralized, specify dorsal fates.
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Cactus gene
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Sent out in early oogenesis to signal to follicle cells, secreted by nucleus, inhibit pipe synthesis, dorsalized.
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Gurken gene
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Receptor for Gurken gene.
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Torpedo gene
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Synthesized in ventral follicle cells, inhibited by Gurken, separates dorsal and cactus.
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Pipe gene
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Expression occurs in defined regions along the anterior/ posterior axis, important in telling cell what to become.
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Hox gene
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Nucleus in posterior moves along the microtubules to future dorsal side, nucleus sends out the Gurken protein signal to the overlying follicle cells.
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Mid-oogenesis
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Stage where nucleus in posterior sends Gurken protein signals to the follicle cells and they signal back.
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Early oogenesis
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Genes similar in sequence.
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Homologous genes
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Closest gene relative within a species, all derived from same ancestor but different function.
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Paralogous gene.
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Mutations resulting in a homeotic transformation.
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Homeotic mutants
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One body structure is replaced by a different body structure.
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Homeotic transformation
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Any gene that can mutate to produce a homeotic transformation; these genes specify body segment identity.
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Homeotic gene
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Gene order on the genetic map parallels the order of expression in the body.
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Colinearity Principle
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Conserved DNA sequence, anterior/ posterior axis determination.
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Homeobox
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60 amino acid translation of homeobox sequence.
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Homeodomain
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Defects localize to a discrete region of the anterior/ posterior axis (neck cartilage, thyroid, major blood vessels, heart, not homeotic mutation).
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Hoxa-3 gene
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Mutate anterior most lumbar to thoracic and make extra rib, each vertebrae has its own Hox gene, homiotic mutation.
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Hoxc-8 gene
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Prevent ribs from growing from lumber and pelvic vertebrae.
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Hox 10 paralogs
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Genes with the same function.
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Genetic redundancy
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Cluster on chromosome 3 containing homeotic genes.
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Hom-C complex
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Development and maturation of germ cells through meiosis.
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Gametogenesis
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Stem cells that are the source of gemetes.
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Primordial germ cells
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The overall process by which haploid sperm produce from diploid spermatogonia.
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Spermatogenesis
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Divide by mitosis to produce the primary spermatocytes.
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Spermatogonia
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Haploid egg formed from diploid oogenia.
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Oogenesis
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Primordial germ cells that go through mitosis into secondary spermatocyte.
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Primary spermatocyte
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Primary spermatocytes that are copied and replicated into 2c haploid cells through Meiosis I.
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Secondary spermatocyte
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Division of secondary spermatocytes into 1c haploid cells through Meiosis II.
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Spermatids
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Differentiation of spermatids mature into sperm cells, take on the roll to fertilize an egg.
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Spermiogenesis
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Sperm cell, mature gamete.
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Spermatozoa/ spermatozoon
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What links spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes together during mitosis.
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Cytoplasmic bridges
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Small tubes within the testis that produce sperm.
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Seminiferous tubules
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Cells that secrete testosterone, interstitial cells.
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Leydig cells
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End of the vas deferens that stores sperm.
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Epididymis
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Produce sperm within small seminiferous tubules.
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Testis
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Tubes that transfer sperm from the testis to the seminary vesicle.
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Vas deferense
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Hormone that stimulates formation of male genetalia.
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Testosterone
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Hormone stimulating ovulation.
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Estrogen
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Bundle of microtubules and other proteins forming the core of the flagellum.
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Axoneme
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Periodic swellings that divide each with a different fate.
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Rhombomeres
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Cells set aside from somatic cells in the embryo for reproductive function. Gonadal cells that undergo meiosis.
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Germ cells
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Cells of the embryo not used in reproduction.
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Somatic cells
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Promotes sperm formation.
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Sertoli cell
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Egg primary germ cell.
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Oogonia
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Provide seminal fluids.
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Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles |
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Tail of sperm.
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Flagellar tail
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Vesicle containing binding molecules.
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Acrosome
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Form microtubules in the axoneme.
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Tubulin
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Lost cytoplams of spermotid.
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Residual body
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From which sperm tail originates.
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Centriole
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Divided oogania by mitosis.
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Primary oocyte
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Divided by meiosis from primary oocyte.
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Secondary oocyte
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Primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells surrounded in turn by thecal cells.
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Primordial (primary) follicle
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Cells surrounding the primary follicle.
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Granulosa cells
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Cells surrounding the granulosa cells and primary follicle filler cells.
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Thecal cells
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Fluid filled space surrounded by granulosa cells.
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Antrum
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Death of germ cells over course of life.
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Atresia
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Creation of Graafian follicle and egg, under control of gonadotrophins (endocrine system).
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Follicular phase in menstral cycle
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LH creates corpus luteum with increased progesterone. Increased progesterone leads to an increase in endometrium while inhibiting FSH, start ovulation, stimulate hormone production and uterin lining.
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Luteal phase of menstrual cycle
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Steroid hormone important in maintaining pregnancy (increase in luteal phase).
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Progesterone
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Hormones in ovaries responsible for menstral cycle.
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Ovarian hormones
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Hormones (FSH & LH) from anterior pituitary that coordinates the ovarian cycle and uterine cycle - endocrine hormone.
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Gonadotropins
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Initiate ovulation with increasing levels.
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Luteinizing hormone
(LH) |
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A peptide hormone secreted by pituitary gland that promotes follicle development and spermatogenisis.
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Follicle stimulation hormone
(FSH) |
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Epithelial lining of the uterus.
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Endometrium
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"The clear zone" layer secreted by the oocyte, present between oocyte and granulosa cells.
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Zona pellucida
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In egg that holds proteolytic enzymes.
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Corticle granules
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Granulosa cells that surround the oocyte in the Graafian follicle.
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Cumulus oophorus
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Mature follicle with a large fluid-filled antrum and a secondary oocyte.
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Graafian follicles
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Release of the secondary oocyte into the infundibulum occurs.
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Ovulation
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"The yellow body" evolves from the granulosa and theca cells remaining in the ovary after ovulation and some surrounding capillaries and connective tissue.
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Corpus luteum
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"The white body" a white scar that comes about after several months once the corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis.
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Corpus albicans
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Molecules secreted by females to increase speed of sperm.
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Hyperactivation
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Temperature gradient in which sperm swim to.
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Thermoaxis
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Chemical signaling helping the sperm to find the egg.
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Chemotaxis
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Sperm maturation, transition sperm to become capable of fertilizing an egg.
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Capacitation
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Vesicle in sperm containing binding components.
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Acrosomal vesicle
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Binding of sperm to zona pellucida in sea urchin stimulated by ZP3.
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Acrosomal process
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Binds sperm to zona pellucida in mammals, initiates slow block to polyspermy.
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ZP3
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Morphological smoothing of blastoceal cavity.
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Compaction
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Fluid filled cavity of the blastoceal.
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Cavitation
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Trypsin like protease secreted from trophoblast cells and facillates hatching from the zona pellucida.
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Strypsin
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Water sac, membrane enclosing and protecting the embryo and its surrounding amniotic fluid.
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Amnion
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Cavity filled with amniotic fluid, surrounded by epiblast.
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Amniotic cavity
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Layer that will form the chorionic villi (fingerlike projections).
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Cytotrophoblast
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Nuclear division occurs w/o cytokinesis; cells grow deep into endometrium and remodel the uterine wall so maternal blood vessels bathe fetal vessels.
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Syncytiotrophoblast
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An agent that can cause birth defects if exposure to a fetus occurs at a critical time in pregnancy.
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Teratogen
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Derivative of vitamin A, naturally occuring in the body, regulate hox genes, high doses can change identity of cells.
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Retinoic acid
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Teratogen, cause deafness in phetus
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Quinine
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Brain defect that effects vocab and mental retardation.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Mimic body's long range signaling mechanisms, underdevelopment of phetus, endocrine disruptor.
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DES (diethylstilbestrol)
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Secreted by trophoblast cells to maintain uterine lining. What pregnancy tests test for.
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Human chorionic gonadotrophin
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Mirror image of organs in the body.
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Situs inversus
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Normal orientation of organs in the body.
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Situs solitus
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Having a non super imposable mirror image.
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Chirality
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50% reversal, some lethality, gene produced by dynein.
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iv (situs inversus viscerum) gene
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100% reversal with 100% lethality.
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inv gene
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50% reversal, unknown lethality, from dynein.
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Kartegener's syndrome
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50% reversal, lethal, no nodal cilia.
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KIF3 beta gene
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A cilia that exists once per cell, present on outside of embryo tissues in node cells.
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Monocilia
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Coding for model formation.
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Nodal gene
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Results from paracrine factor cascade. TF activating left hand genes, left side morphogen.
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Pitx2
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Gene encoding for activin on right hand side.
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Activin receptor II gene
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Only on left side of starting at Hensens node. Inhibited by activin on the right side.
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Sonic hedgeghod gene (shh)
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At midline preventing factors from moving into right side.
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Lefty-1 gene
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Malposition of an organ.
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Ectopic
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Cells migrate to interior and anterior, make primitive streak longer and longer.
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Henson's node
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Where cells migrate to interior (furrow) in gastrulation.
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Primitive streak
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Particles (FGF, NVP) swept from right to left by clockwise motion of cilia.
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Nodal vesicular particles (NVP)
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