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45 Cards in this Set

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what is the name for bacteria populations which establish normal residence inside our body
Known as Normal Flora or Resident Flora or Normal Microbiota
What are the non sterile sites of the body?
Skin
Oral cavity
Gastrointestinal
Upper Respiratory tract
Urogenital tract
tracts
List sterile sites:
Blood, CSF, bladder & LRT.
What is an example of a beneficial relationships with normal flora
1. E. coli essential for survival in the GIT
2. Lactobacilli in the genital tract are good examples
Define Pathogens
Microbes which cause pathology
Give an example of a pathogen:
1. S. aureus on skin causing boils or entering bloodstream causing
septicaemia or other disease states such pneumonia;
2. N. gonorrhoeae in genital
tract causing gonorrhea
What can one say about the origins of the most dangerous/life threatening pathogens
Most harmful microbes originate from outside of the human body
What are exogenous microbes
microbes which have originated outside of the body
What are some examples of endogenous microbes
Normal flora
What are examples of endogenous microbes
normal flora
Human‐microbial interactions depend on what?
- parasite (microbe) factors and
- host (human) factors and
- host-related environmental factors
- microbe-related environmental factors
What is the difference between infection and disease?
- Infection is mere presence of microbes on or in the human body causing no damage and no immune activation e.g., Normal flora

- Disease is an infection which has progressed to a state where both host damage and immune activation has occurred, e.g., S. aureus on skin causing boils
What is required for microbe growth?
nutrients, gaseous conditions, temp, pH,
What is opportunistic disease?
When something in the Host/Microbe/environment changes and infection of normal flora can manifest as a disease state.
What is the usual first step in infection and/or disease process?
Adherence
The adherence of bacteria is facilitated by what?
Bacterial adhesins (eg. fibrae in gram negative bacteria)
What specific cells are targeted and why?
epithelial cells --> protein-protein targeting**
Microbes exhibit selectivity when targeting cells to enter the body - give an example
Neisseria gonorrhoeae targets urogenital mucosal:**
Opa is bacterial surface protein and host cell receptor is a protein; CD66
Different bacterial pathogens have different mechanisms for adherence - Tissue Specificity or Tissue Trophism
***
What follows in the body/microbe interaction following adhesion of the bacteria
'Invasion' - where pathogens penetrate the mucosal epithelium to cause damage, a process called invasion. Invasion is facilitated by microbial factors called invasions.
Define invasiveness
Ability of an organism to grow in host tissue in such large numbers that the
pathogen inhibits host function
What is the difference between Infectious disease versus non infectious disease?
Diseases that have a microbial causation (or etiology) are classified as infectious
diseases
Communicable, contagious and non-communicable diseases describes what?
Behaviour of an infectious disease within a host or given population
Development of infectious diseases follow a pattern:
1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal period
3. Illness period
4. Decline period
What is risk factor?
makes the body more susceptible to a
disease and may alter the course of a disease
What are the transmission routes of infectious diseases
contact, vehicles and vectors***
What are some of the reasons diseases spread quickly
Mass production of food supply
ubiguitousness of travel
What is epidemiology
The study of behaviour, demographics and etiology of disease - extending to control and prevention.
What are the three different types of epidemiology?
1. Descriptive
2. Analytical
3. Experimental
What does the term 'microbial' cover?
viruses, bacteria, fungi (including yeasts), protozoa, algae or
helminths
What does IDD stand for?
Infectious disease diagnosis
What are the 8 steps in IDD?
Step 1. Patient Presentation
Step 2. Empirical Diagnosis
Step 3. Patient Management (Empirical)
Step 4. Investigation Requested by Doctor
Step 5. Specimen Collection and Transport
Step 6. Specimen Processing
Step 7. Patient Management (Review)
Step 8. Follow-up
What is involved in Patient Presentation
Clinical presentation; clinical features
Case History (Q&A), Signs and symptoms, Physical examination
Describe the Empirical (Clinical) Diagnosis step
Presumptive determination of illness
and etiology based on case history , signs/symptoms, physical examination.
This requires the knowledge/training of physician. This diagnosis is informed only by formal education and previous experiences with similarly presenting patients
Step 3. Patient Management—Empirical
Treatment informed only by empirical diagnosis.
Describe the steps involved in Investigation Requested by Doctor
Preliminary raw specimen screening may be necessary
- Isolation, identification of aetiological agent(s)
- Antimicrobial susceptibility of aetiological agent(s), where appropriate!
Which step may also be referred to as “Specimen Management”
Specimen transport.

This is where specimen is collected from patient, and patient is formally registered - requires
Corresponding paperwork initiated; specimen coding etc.
Transport to diagnostic lab
Describe Step 6. Specimen Processing
There are many sub-steps in this part of the IDD Pathway:

- Specimen arrives at lab
- Report Form compilation begins
- Raw specimen screening, where relevant
- PID (Presumptive identification) determination
- ASA (Antimicrobial susceptibility) profile (where appropriate)
- CID (Confirmatory identification) determination
- Report Form completion
MLP stands for
Most likely pathogen
PID stands for
Presumptive ID
What are the screening procedures on RAW specimen that arrives in the lab?
Macroscopy followed by Microscopy, key data can be derived from a raw specimen before EA isolation
What does PRSS stand for?
Preliminary raw specimen screening
What procedures and processes are involved with PID
1. Primary isolation
2. Preliminary identification
3. Observation and analysis of colony type and growth - Colonial descriptions—assessment of MLP versus NF versus Contaminants
4. Gram morphology and Rapid ID tests are in PID stage
What are the microbial groups - smallest to largest?
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths
What is the critical role of the clinical/diagnostic microbiologist in IDD?
to be apprised of all information relating to the test complexity, procedure and time required and assist clinician in lab report interpretation