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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is digestion?
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The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into forms that cell membranes can absorb.
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What organs carry out the process of digestion, ingestion, propulsion, absorption, and defecation?
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Organs of the digestive system.
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What does the digestive system consist og?
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The alimentary canal and accessory organs.
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What are the different accessory organs?
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Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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What structures are in the alimentary canal?
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The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
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Name some general characteristics of the alimentary canal?
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The alimentary canal is a muscular tube that is smooth muscle lined with epithelial tissue.
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What are the different layers of the wall of the alimentary canal?
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Mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa.
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What do parasympathetic impulses do?
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Increase activities of the digestive system.
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What do sympathetic impulses do?
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Inhibit certain digestive actions.
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What does the submucosal plexus do?
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Controls secretions.
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What does the myenteric plexus do?
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Controls gastrointestinal motility.
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What are the functions of the mouth?
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To ingest food, mechanically break up solid particles (with saliva), and prepares food for chemical digestion.
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What is another name for chewing?
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Mastication.
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What forms the lateral walls of the mouth?
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The cheeks.
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Highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening.
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Lips
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Describe the tongue.
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A thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.
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Describe the palate.
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Consists of a hard anterior part and a soft posterior part. Forms the roof of the oral cavity.
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Describe the teeth.
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The hardest structures in the body.
Primary (20) [Deciduous] Secondary (32) [Permanent] *Incisors, canine, premolars, molars* |
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What do salivary glands secrete?
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Saliva
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What action begins the digestion of carbohydrates?
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The secretion of saliva.
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What are the three major salivary glands?
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Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
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What do sublingual glands secrete?
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Mucus
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What do submandibular glands secrete?
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Serous fluid and mucus
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What do parotid glands secrete?
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Watery serious fluid
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What do mucus cells secrete?
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Mucous
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What do serous cells produce?
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Salivary amylase
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What are the two types of secretory cells in salivary glands?
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Serous and mucous
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What is the pharynx?
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A cavity posterior to the mouth.
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What structures function in swallowing?
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The pharynx and the esophagus muscular walls.
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What parts is the pharynx divided into?
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Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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What forces food into the pharynx?
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The tongue
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What stages is swallowing divided into?
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Voluntary, swallowing, and peristalsis
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Describe what happens during the voluntary stage in swallowing.
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Saliva is mixed with chewed food.
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Describe what happens during swallowing.
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The swallowing reflex is triggered.
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What does peristalsis do?
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Transports food in the esophagus to the stomach.
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* List the different steps in swallowing.
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The tongue forces food into the pharynx --> tongue is pressed against palate --> epiglottis closes --> inferior constrictor muscles relax --> superior constrictor muscles contract --> peristaltic waves moves food through esophagus to stomach.
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Describe the structure of the stomach?
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A J-shaped, pouch like organ.
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What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the stomach?
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An inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
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What is secreted from the tubular gastric glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach?
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Pepsinogen, pepsin, hydrochloric acid, mucus, and intrinsic factor
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Why is the stomach not well adapted to absorb digestive products?
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Smaller surface area
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What does the stomach absorb?
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Some water, certain salts, alcohol, and certain lipid-soluble drugs
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This structure has a dual function as an endocrine and exocrine gland.
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Pancreas.
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What is the endocrine gland of the pancreas' function?
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Release of insulin and glucagon.
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What is the function of the exocrine gland in the pancreas?
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Secrete digestive juice (pancreatic juice)
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What does pancreatic juice contain?
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Enzymes
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What is the largest internal organ?
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The liver
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What are some functions of the liver?
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Produce glycogen, forms urea, removes toxins and certain drugs from the blood.
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What is bile?
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Yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells secrete.
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What does bile contain?
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Water, bile salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes
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What are some functions of bile salts?
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Aid digestive enzymes, reduce surface tension, enhance absorption of fatty acids
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