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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most diseases of blood cells feature____or____because of an imbalance in____or____of cells
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too many; too few
production; loss |
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Malignancies of myeloid cells are associated with....
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leukemias
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Malignancies of lymphoid cells are associated with....
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either leukemias or lymphomas
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Most diseases that affect platelets cause....
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a low platelet count
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Anemia is....
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abnormally low hemoglobin
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Anemia is caused by what three things?
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1. decreased numbers of RBCs
2. decreased amount of Hgn 3. both of these |
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Do lab values of Hgn, RBC count, &Hct move up & down together?
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Yes
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In an iron deficient state, one may produce....
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small, pale RBCs
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What are the two steps in diagnosing anemia?
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1. CBC & red cell indices
2. Determine whether there is: -blood loss (hemorrhage) -red cell destruction (hemolysis) -failed bone marrow production of RBCs or low levels of Hgn in the cells |
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Life span of RBCs
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120 days, filtered out by spleen
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What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia?
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Chronic blood loss
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Is colon cancer usually preventable?
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Yes! With regular stool blood tests & periodic colon examination
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What is the most serious common cause of intestinal bleeding in ppl >50?
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Colon cancer
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What do most colon cancers arise from?
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Pre-existing benign polyps
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Iron deficiency anemia in an adult man or post-menapausal woman should be considered.....
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to be caused by an intestinal malignancy until proven otherwise
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Thalassemia is characterized by....
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-Autosomal recessive disorder
-microcytic & hypochromic anemia -intramedullary hemolysis -hemochromatosis (iron overload) |
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What is a good indicator of the amount of body iron stores?
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Plasma ferritin levels
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What is the most common of all nutritional deficiencies?
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Iron deficiency
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A macrocidic RBC is caused by either....
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-Vitamin B-12 deficiency
-Folic acid deficiency |
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In mononucleosis, the lymphocytes are....
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-increased
-atypically large |
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Marked cervical lymphadenopathy is suggestive of?
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Excessive bleeding is always associated with one of these three factors....
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-Fragile blood vessels
-Low platelet count or defective platelet fnx -Decreased coagulation factor activity |
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Bleeding related to platelet disorders usually occurs from....
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-Capillary sized vessels
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Bleeding related to coagulation factors usually occurs from....
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-Larger vessels
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Where are most coagulation factors made?
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-Liver; therefore liver dz is often accompanied by excessive bleeding
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Intravascular clotting is always....
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-Abnormal & secondary to another dz
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Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is calculated by....& what is the Nl range?
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-Hgn/Hct
-33-37g/dL |
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Mean Corpuscle Volume (MCV) is calculated by...& what is the Nl range?
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-Hct/RBC count
-76-100fL |
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Myeoid stem cells give rise to which cell types?
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-Monocytes
-RBCs -Platelets -Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, & Basophils) |
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Lymphoid stem cells give rise to which cell types?
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-B cells
-NK cells -T cells |
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Hemoglobinopathies are characterized by....
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-Defective Hgn synthesis
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Follicular lymphoma is characterized by....
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-A microscopic pattern resembling normal lymphoid follicles
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Where do blood clots normally take place?
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-In the extravascular space
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The majority of content of plasma is?
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-H2O; 92%
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What is intrinsic factor and what organ secretes it?
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-A protein that binds Vitamin B-12 & enables it's absorption in the ileum
-Secreted by the stomach |
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What characterizes acute leukemia?
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-Malignant cells are immature blasts
-It is has abrupt onset -it is aggressive & runs a short course |
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Are malignant cells detectable in the blood in lymphoma?
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No
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What are the characteristics of chronic leukemia?
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-Malignant cells are mature
-Less aggressive than acute leukemia |
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What characterizes chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
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-B cell proliferation
-Accounts for 1/3 of all leukemias -Indistinguishable from small cell lymphoma -Occurs primarily in adults |
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Is small cell lymphocytic lymphoma aggressive?
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No
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What is the most common type of malignant neoplasm in Americans between ages 10-30?
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Hodgkin lymphoma; M>W
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Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with what?
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-Immunocompromised ppl
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What is the most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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-Nodular sclerosing
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What are the two types of Non-hodgin lymphomas & which is more aggressive?
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-Follicular
-Diffuse -Diffuse lymphomas are more aggressive |
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Are lab tests usually done on plasma or serum?
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Serum
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What does a 'Left shift' refer to?
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-An increase in either red or white blood cells increase dramatically in number
-It indicates a disease process |
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What is a reticulocyte?
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-A immature RBC
-It appears bluish b/c it contains nuclear material |
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What are the lifespans of:
RBCs Lymphocytes & Monocytes Granulocytes Platelets |
-120 days
-1-2 weeks -4 days -1-2 days |
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What is hematocrit a measure of & what is the normal range?
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-Volume of RBCs as % of whole blood
-M 39-49; W 33-43 |
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Iron deficiency causes what two things?
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-Microcidic RBCs
-Low MCHC |
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What does a high platelet count suggest?
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-A myeloid malignancy
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Acute and chronic hemorrhage cause....
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Acute-dilutional anemia
Chronic-Iron deficiency anemia |
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What are the two things that can cause microcytic & hypochromic RBCs?
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-Iron deficiency anemia
-Thalacemia |
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What is another name for primary polycythemia?
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Polycythemia vera
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Leukopenia & agranulocytosis are usually caused by...
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-Bone marrow failure
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What is an M-spike?
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-Band seen on a protein gel indicating increased monoclonal Ab production
-Indicates multiple myeloma due to proliferation of plasma cells |
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What is a Blast crisis?
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-Chronic suddenly turns into acute
-Immature cells overrun the bone marrow |
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What are Bense-Jones proteins?
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-Light Ig chains that are passed into the urine
-Indicates multiple myeloma |
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Will a platelet count be normal with Aspirin Tx?
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Yes
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What happens in hemophilia?
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-A failure to produce clotting factor 8
-The most common serious inherited coagulation disorder -Occurs primarily in males |
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How does absolute erythrocytosis differ from relative erythrocytosis?
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-The increased peripheral red cell count is not associated with increased total body red cell mass as it is in absolute
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What are the two bone marrow malignancies & which diseases fall under which category?
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Myeloid:
-Acute myeloid leukemia -Chronic myeloid leukemia -Chronic myeloproliferative syndromes Lymphoid: -Acute lymphocytic leukemia -Chronic lymphocytic leukemia -Lymphomas -Plasma cell proliferations |
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What three factors come into play with hemostatis?
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1. Coagulation
2. Blood vessel factors 3. Platelets |
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Must iron stores be completely exhausted before RBC production is affected?
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Yes
-Therefore pts become iron deficient before they become anemic and they become anemic only if iron deficiency persists |
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Is an increased number of total body red cell mass always present in polycythemia vera?
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Yes
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Is the bone marrow hypercellular or hypocellular in hemolytic anemia?
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Hypercellular
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In most cases of documented hypoglycemia, is the cause apparent?
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Yes
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